conclusions analysis of codeine to morphine metabolism rate is needed when we are using morphine/codeine ratio to rule out abuse of narcotics. wada should consider analysis for the cyp2d6 alleles (main metabolizer of codeine) in case of including morphine/codeine ratio in future prohibited list. the possibility of ultra-rapid cyp2d6 cannot be ruled out in certain results of morphine/codeine nea...

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Background & Aim: Papaver bracteatum Lindl.  (Papaverace) is an important pharmaceutical plant which contains isoqinoline alkaloids. Isoqinoline alkaloids constitute one distinct group of secondary metabolites of the Papaverace family. Codeine and thebaine are important alkaloids of Papaver bracteatum which use widely due to its medicinal properties. Therefore it is...

INTRODUCTION Consumption of codeine can lead to positive urine test for morphine in athletes. Morphine is classified as a prohibited doping drug while Codeine is not. Morphine/codeine ratio is used in forensic medicine to distinguish the consumption of codeine from abuse of morphine and other narcotics. CASE PRESENTATION We present an athlete with positive urine test for morphine with a histo...

Rhesus monkeys were trained to respond under a variable interval 2 min schedule for codeine or ethanol injections. Both codeine and ethanol were effective in the initiation of variable-interval responding; responding was maintained over a range of codeine (0.003-1.0 mg/kg/injection) and ethanol doses (32.0-560 mg/kg/injection). Maximum rates of responding were obtained at the 0.01 mg/kg/injecti...

BACKGROUND Drug provocation testing should be performed before safely prescribing an analgesic for patients that are hypersensitive to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Whether or not the direct histamine releasing effect of codeine renders it useful in NSAID-hypersensitive patients is unknown. This study aimed to determine if codeine could be recommended as a safe treatment optio...

The incidence and role of codeine in drug-related deaths in Victoria was investigated over a 5-year period. There were a total of 107 cases involving codeine, representing 8.8% of all drug-related deaths in this period in Victoria. There were only six fatalities in which codeine was considered the major poison. The mean (+/- SD) concentration of codeine in femoral blood was 4.0 +/- 2.3 mg/L (ra...

The current study aimed to ascertain the impact of acute codeine dose (0.50 and 1 ml/ 250g), on histolopathological profile liver kidney in male rats. A synthetic antispasmodic substance with comparatively low toxicity is opioid derivatives (Codeine), In present results found that normal histological structure, except Some minor changes were shown control group (antihistamine syrup, which does ...

BACKGROUND Codeine represents a commonly used drug to suppress cough. Central antitussive effect of codeine has been confirmed in a number of animal studies. However, available data related to antitussive activity of codeine in rabbits are very limited. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of codeine on cough, single expiratory responses (expiration-like reflex) induced by mechanical tracheo...

S. HERLING, Naltrexone effects on foodand codeine-maintained responding in rhesus monkeys, European J. Pharmacol. 73 (1981) 41--49. The delivery of food or the i.v. injection of codeine maintained lever pressing in rhesus monkeys during alternating periods of daily experimental sessions. Responding was maintained by food or codeine under a chain differential reinforcement of other behavior 30 s...