The study aimed at investigating the role of social capital in citrus growers’ empowerment in Sari County. The statistical population comprised 12 800 citrus growers in Sari County. The stratified random sampling was employed in this study in an attempt to recruit 291 individuals as prospective participants. Data collection tool was a questionnaire. In order to establish its content validity, s...

aim of this study was to evaluate the possible application fields of organic agriculture, the province is a grower's perspective. because of its accurate and appropriate management, soil and products to help reduce the use of chemicals in production and on track to achieve sustainable development, mazandaran province is a leader in modern agricultural practices and organic agriculture has the p...

The above background information indicates that -citrus, as the most important tree fruit crop, amply justifies international training programs such as this short course on irrigation. Your Florida hosts are to be commended on their vision and desire to serve citrus growers everywhere in arranging these sessions-especially considering that citrus in Florida was largely unirrigated until recentl...

Herbicides are usually applied multiple times by growers for season long weed control in Florida citrus (Citrus sp.). Rimsulfuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide has been recently registered for control of certain grasses and broadleaf weeds in citrus. To increase the weed control spectrum and reduce application cost, citrus growers often prefer to tank mix herbicides. Field experiments were conducte...

Pheromone-baited traps have been widely used in integrated pest management programs, but their economic value for growers has never been reported.  We analyzed the economic benefits of long-term use of traps baited with the citrus fruit borer Gymnandrosoma aurantianum sex pheromone in Central-Southern Brazil. Our analysis show that from 2001 to 2013 citrus growers avoided accumulated pest losse...

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has the ability to quickly identify the presence of specific carbohydrates in plant materials. The presence of the disease huanglongbing (HLB) in the leaves of infected citrus plants has a distinctive spectrum that can be used to distinguish an infected plant from a healthy plant. However, many citrus diseases display similar visible symptoms and a...

Florida citrus areas were affected by four severe hurricanes (three direct hits) within a 6-week period in August and September 2004. All segments of the Florida citrus industry were impacted either directly or indirectly. Citrus nurseries suffered extensive losses and bearing trees were uprooted, broken or lost leaves and fruit. Compared to the 2003-04 season, the orange crop was reduced by 31...

IntRODUctIOn Compared with the rest of the world, the California citrus industry is relatively free of diseases that can impact growers’ profits. Unfortunately, exotic plant pathogens may become well established before they are recognized as such. This is primarily because some of the initial symptoms mimic other diseases, mineral deficiencies, or toxicities. In addition, development of disease...

Florida ranks first in citrus production, with nearly 68% of all U.S. citrus growing in the season 2005–2006. Most of the citrus groves are located from central to south Florida, and agricultural irrigation permitting is regulated by three of Florida’s five water management districts. Most of the permitting for citrus production in Highlands, Polk and Hillsborough counties is conducted by the S...

Gummosis and psorosis are destructive bark diseases of Citrus trees found in ttliany groves throughout the state and of such widespread occurrence in certain sections as to cause considerable alarm on the part of growers. Many growers term the disease gummosis when there is a pronounced exudation of gum and scaly bark when there is a dry scaling off of the outer bark without much gum formation....