hepatitis b virus (hbv) is the most prevalent viral infection and is among the leading causes of human liver diseases. nearly 360 millions of people are world widely infected with prolonged forms of hepatitis b including active and inactive chronic forms. chronic hepatitis b (chb) is associated with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) in patients suffering from congenital and/or acquir...

according to the national institutes of health and the center for disease and prevention, it is estimated that 65 to 80 percent of the human infectious are caused by biofilms. antibiotics and drainage of purulent discharge are the main treatment measures. but in chronic infections sometimes these findings are not easy to recognize. biofilm is an extracellular polymeric conglomeration generally ...

background: the optimal treatment is not possible yet for chronic prostatitis due to the unknown etiology of the diseases. we aimed to investigate the association of helicobacter pylori infection with chronic prostatitis. methods: in this prospective case-control study that conducted in imam hospital complex affiliated to tehran university of medical sciences in tehran, iran from 2014 to 2015, ...

endocarditis and intracardiac infection have been increased recently especially in dialysis dependent renal failure patients. this is usually intractable infection to broad spectrum antibiotic therapy and in most cases surgical intervention was necessary. we have presented 45 years old man with intracardiac infection at the tip of dialysis catheter that after catheter removal intracardiac infec...

conclusions urogenital tb is difficult to diagnose due to the lack of specific symptoms and signs. in the case of a nonfunctioning kidney without an obvious cause and a chronic spontaneous nephrocutaneous fistula, the possibility of associated renal tb should be kept in mind, especially in immunocompromised patients or in places where tb is a common health problem. introduction spontaneous neph...

background & importance: chronic subdural hematoma (csh) is one of the most frequent intracranial hemorrhages in adults. however, gold standard treatment of csh is not yet defined. since the 80’s, closed drainage is a standard among techniques using drains because the open type has been incriminated in high rates of postoperative infections. however, closed drainage requires materiel which is s...

background: the assays currently available for the detection of specific anti- toxoplasma antibodies may vary in their abilities to detect serum immunoglobulins, due to the lack of a purified standardized antigen. the aim of this study was evaluation the recombinant toxoplasma gondii sag1 antigen for the serodiagnosis of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. methods : this study describes an elisa u...

background occult hepatitis b virus infection (obi) is defined as the presence of hepatitis b virus (hbv) dna in the liver and/or in the serum of patients with negative results of hepatitis b s antigen (hbsag) test with or without serological markers of previous viral exposure. the impact of obi in patients with chronic hepatitis c (chc) is still unclear. objectives the aim of this study was to...