introduction: thymol has negative ionotropic effect on heart and has direct effect on calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum. some of the herbal plants just like carum copticum consist of thymol. the postganglionic neurons of the gastrointestinal parasympathetic system are located mainly in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. stimulation of these parasympathetic nerves causes general in...

Objective. To study the effect of immunomodulators on learning and memory and on cholinergic receptor sensitivity. Methods. Animals were initially treated for a period of 8 days with cyclosporine/levamisole/saline. They were then subjected to passive avoidance training and 48 hrs later, the retention test for the passive avoidance task was conducted. Twenty-four hours after the retention tests ...

Objective(s):  The cholinergic system plays an important role in learning and memory. This study investigated the effects of curcumin (turmeric extract) and the cholinergic system and their interaction on memory retention of passive avoidance learning in adult male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: At first, an injection cannula was implanted in right ventricles of the animals. One week afte...

objective(s):  the cholinergic system plays an important role in learning and memory. this study investigated the effects of curcumin (turmeric extract) and the cholinergic system and their interaction on memory retention of passive avoidance learning in adult male wistar rats. materials and methods: at first, an injection cannula was implanted in right ventricles of the animals. one week after...

Introduction: Recent studies suggest that glucocorticoids modulate memory reconsolidation. Moreover, cholinergic system is involved in memory reconsolidation. Since glucocorticoids interact with brain cholinergic system in modulating memory processing, we investigated whether glucocorticoid influences on the reconsolidation of emotionally arousing training depend on the cholinergic system...

introduction: recent studies suggest that glucocorticoids modulate memory reconsolidation. moreover, cholinergic system is involved in memory reconsolidation. since glucocorticoids interact with brain cholinergic system in modulating memory processing, we investigated whether glucocorticoid influences on the reconsolidation of emotionally arousing training depend on the cholinergic system. meth...

On most adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals, prejunctional α-adrenoceptors belonging to the α2-subtype have been identified. Activation of these receptors will decrease the release of norepinephrine. It has been reported that several isolated tissue preparations contain prejunctional dopamine receptors, the stimulation of which inhibits neurotransmission. It has remained uncertain whethe...

The cholinergic system plays an essential role in brain development, physiology, and pathophysiology. Herein, we review how specific alterations this system, through genetic mutations or abnormal receptor function, can lead to aberrant neural circuitry that triggers disease. focuses on the nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChR) its addiction neurodegenerative neuropsychiatric diseases epilepsy. Cholin...

Studying the functioning of various body systems in different vertebrates is one key tasks comparative physiology. Teleost fishes are a large group vertebrates; however, mechanisms their digestive tract poorly understood and known mainly for such model object as Danio rerio. The aim this work was to characterize participation subtypes M-cholinergic receptors Rho-kinase enzyme cholinergic contra...

Sequential immunohistochemical demonstration of nerve growth factor receptor and cholinergic acetyltransferase on the same tissue section in the rat revealed that approximately 92% of all cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain possessed that receptor. Only 0.9% of the neurons demonstrating nerve growth factor receptor in the basal nuclear complex lacked the cholinergic synthetic enzyme, and...