Researchers, such as Headley (1968) and Campbell (1976) have shown empirically that chemical pesticides have played a major role in increasing agricultural productivity. However, there is concern that chemical pesticides may contaminate ground and surface water, have harmful effects on wildlife, leave residues on agricultural products, and cause health risks to farm workers (Harper and Zilberma...

the study was conducted among the two farmer groups in bhaktapur and kavre districts of nepal. the main objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of ipm ffs on creating awareness and disseminating the knowledge on sustainable pest management to the farmers and to assess the relationships between enhanced ipm knowledge and adoption of ipm strategies by the farmers. the study has be...

aims: in regard to increasing greenhouse area in iran followed by increased use of pesticides and contaminated crops, this study aimed to determine the frequency and types of consumed pesticides in kashan region, iran, greenhouses. instrument & methods: in this descriptive study in 2011-2012, samples was entered by census method. at the first step, a list of greenhouses was obtained from agricu...

Food security and safety are the major concern in ever expanding human population on the planet earth. Each and every year insect pests cause a serious damage in agricultural field that cost billions of dollars annually to farmers. The loss in term of productivity and high cost of chemical pesticides enhance the production cost. Irrespective use of chemical pesticides (such as Benzene hexachlor...

Micronucleus (MN) is a biomarker widely used in biomonitoring studies carried out to determine the genetic risk associated to pesticide exposure. Many in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as epidemiological approaches, have demonstrated the ability of certain chemical pesticides to produce genetic effects including cancer and other chronic pathologies in humans; thus, biomonitoring studies hav...

The classes of primary chemical products naturally produced by the combustion of forest fuels include: carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, methane and nonmethane hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hyrocarbons, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, aldehydes, free radicals, and inorganic elements. Pesticides are a class of secondary chemical byproducts of fires that have been of so...

Excess use of chemical pesticides in agriculture assisting the accomplishment of agri-food production targets. But, indiscriminate use of chemical pesticide is the serious concern for environment and human, which deteriorating the soil health, nutritional quality of food and increasing resistance in phyto-pathogens and pests. Nanotechnology provided the sustainable solution in this regard by de...