Despite major progress in radiotherapy, exponential attenuation of initial photons due to the nature of their interaction with matter has remained as the most important challenge. Photons have no well-defined range and their doses are reduced exponentially. Therefore, tissues located before and after the tumors receive a significant dose. Today, new techniques based on proton and carbon charged...

As double layers (DLs) are one of the most important acceleration mechanisms in space as well as in laboratory plasmas, they are studied from different points of view. In this paper, the emitted power and energy radiated from charged particles, accelerated in relativistic cosmic DLs are investigated. The effect of the presence of additional ions in a multi-species plasma, as a real example of a...

Magnetic reconnection, which occurs in high conducting plasmas, changes the topology of magnetic field lines and converts magnetic energy into the kinetic and thermal energy of plasma and also accelerates charged particles. This phenomenon plays an important role in changing the dynamic of laboratory and space plasmas such as fusion tokamaks and sun’s corona. The electric and magnetic fields ge...

 Scintillation detectors are widely used in the experimental setup for the detection of charged particles. These detectors are able to measure the energy and time-of-flight of the charged particles. Also, they can be used to identify the detected particle. The probability of hadronic interaction between the detected particle and the nuclei of the scintillator atoms is one important issue that m...