the eukaryotic complexity involves the expression and regulation of genes via rna-dna, rna-rna, dna-protein and rna-protein interactions. recently, the role of rna molecules in the regulation of genes in higher organisms has become more evident, especially with the discovery that about 97% of the transcriptional output in higher organisms are represented as noncoding rnas: rrna, snornas, trna, ...

we created a simple cellular automata (ca) model for hepatitis b infection dynamics associated with spatial structure performed under various ages of liver tissue correspond to different immune responses in order to study the effect of spatial heterogeneities on the dynamical evolution of a viral infection. the results of the simulations show biphasic nature of viral load decreases, as observed...

mitochondrial generate cellular energy in the form of atp (adenosine triphosphate) by the process of oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos). most cells contain hundreds of mitochondrial.

programmed cell death, which can be classified into apoptosis, autophagy, and oncosis, based on the cellular signalling pathways involved in the process, plays a critical role in cellular house-keeping. aberrant cell death regulation leads to body malformations, as well as to numerous diseases. here, we describe the effects of cytototoxins isolated from marine organisms on the various programme...