liver is one of the most important organs needing great concern during the perioperative period. there are a number of different mechanisms that interact with liver cells and might affect their integrity and cell live. though these mechanisms are not all the same, there is a great common point: all affect the metabolic pathways of the liver. ischemia, anesthetic drug effects and other periopera...

the prevalence of spinal cord injury (sci) is about 2.5 million in the worldwide and more than 130,000 new injuries reported each year. regeneration in the cns versus the pns is very different from the other tissues and many factors can prevent regeneration in pns and specially cns. previous researches demonstrated that regeneration of cns can inhibit by inhibitory molecules and glial scar. the...

Production and approval of trastuzumab (Herceptin®) for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) was a millstone in antibody-based targeted therapy in the cancer treatment. However, despite the early success in the clinical trials, trastuzumab failed to appreciate the initial attraction due to development of resistance to the drug. The majority of patients who benefit from the drug...

sulfur mustard (sm, bis- (2-chloroethyl) sulphide) is a chemical warfare agent that causes dna alkylation, protein modification and membrane damage. sm can trigger several molecular pathways involved in inflammation and oxidative stress, which cause cell necrosis and apoptosis, and loss of cells integrity and function. epigenetic regulation of gene expression is a growing research topic and is ...

production and approval of trastuzumab (herceptin®) for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (mbc) was a millstone in antibody-based targeted therapy in the cancer treatment. however, despite the early success in the clinical trials, trastuzumab failed to appreciate the initial attraction due to development of resistance to the drug. the majority of patients who benefit from the drug acqui...

cellular and molecular anesthesia: from bench to bedside in the current practice of anesthesia, each day, anesthesiologists deal with a great work: they use the cellular mechanisms of drug molecules to induce their desired effects for induction and maintenance of anesthesia to achieve appropriate tolerance of surgery and its pain, modulation of stress response, sedation needed for performing a ...