The aim of this paper is to offer the first systematic exploration and definition equivalent causal models in context where both are not made up same variables. idea that two when they agree on all "essential" information can be expressed using their common I do so by focussing main features models, namely structural relations functional relations. In particular, define several ancestry suffici...

Abstract Causal models find application in almost all areas of science, and they often support the development theories that are straightforward testable. Yet scientists also observe things surprise them. Fascinated by such observations, learn to admire playful aspects life, as well its creativity diversity. Under these circumstances, a compelling question arises: Can causal explain life’s dive...