block-flexure is the most common mode of toppling failure in natural and excavated rock slopes. in such failure, some rock blocks break due to tensile stresses and some overturn under their own weights and then all of them topple together. in this paper, first, a brief review of previous studies on toppling failures is presented. then, the physical and mechanical properties of experimental mode...

This paper studies the use of hypothetical and value-based reasoning in US Supreme-Court cases concerning the United States Fourth Amendment. Drawing upon formal AI & Law models of legal argument a semi-formal reconstruction is given of parts of the Carney case, which has been studied previously in AI & law research on case-based reasoning. The result is compared with Rissland’s (1989) analysis...

ed Fig. 1: Test-case execution M1 Mn ^ TCG input seq. (a) Mi TCG partial input seq. TCGinc ^ M1 Mn input seq. (b) Fig. 2: Test-case generation: (a) monolithic; and (b) incremental Structure. In Section 2 we briefly recall the requirement interfaces modeling language and our incremental test-case generation procedure for such models. Section 3 and 4 present the wheel loader and the railway inter...

This paper presents a methodology and tool to support test selection from regression test suites based on change analysis in object-oriented designs. We assume that designs are represented using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and we propose a formal mapping between design changes and a classification of regression test cases into three categories: Reusable, Retestable, and Obsolete. We pro...

This paper presents a methodology and tool to support test selection from regression test suites based on change analysis in object-oriented designs. We assume that designs are represented using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) 2.0 and we propose a formal mapping between design changes and a classification of regression test cases into three categories: Reusable, Retestable, and Obsolete. We...

Usually, testing smart card software is carried-out by specialized engineers in a proprietary language. Testing represents generally half of smart card development effort. With the increasing use of semi-formal and formal modeling languages, such as UML, and the emergence of automatic test generators in the industry, we have studied a way to adapt these techniques for smart card. In this articl...

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a well known and widely used standard for building software models. While it is familiar to many software engineers, it lacks standardized formal semantics. In this paper, we extend on the formalism of object-oriented action systems (OOAS) and describe a mapping of a selected UML-subset to OOAS by choosing one of the several possible semantics of UML. This...