PREMISE OF THE STUDY Carpinus betulus (Betulaceae) is an octoploid, ecologically important, common tree species in European woodlands. We established 11 nuclear microsatellite loci allowing for detailed analyses of genetic diversity and structure. METHODS AND RESULTS A microsatellite-enriched library was used to develop primers for 11 microsatellite loci that revealed high allele numbers and ...

The European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) is a transitional species in the Polish flora, reaching its northeastern range limit just beyond the Polish border (Jalas and Suominen, 1976; Boratyńska, 1993). The species is a telocratic taxon which appeared in Central Europe ~5000 years ago and spread throughout Poland ~4000 years ago (Huntley and Birks, 1983; Środoń, 1993; Ralska-Jasiewiczowa et a...

the expanding phenomenon of dieback is caused by the reaction of trees against the harmful biotic and a biotic factor that lead to dying of shoots and branches of trees from upper crown to lower crown. this phenomenon spreads throughout the leaves and branches and all parts of the plant and may finally lead to the death of the plant. this study aimed to identify species dieback especially carpi...

Background and Purpose: Water stress is one of the major problems for urban trees. It affects a wide range of plant responses, from changes at the cellular level to the reduction in growth rates. Irrigation of trees in urban areas may provide numerous benefits important for increasing tree vitality to withstand other stresses that might occur. The aim of this study was to compare drought effect...