Here, we report a synthesis of the lower half C21-C40 fragment of the shellfish toxin, azaspiracid-1. The C28-C40 fragment was synthesized by a coupling between the C28-C35 epoxide and the C36-C40 dithioacetal anion, followed by the HI-ring spiroaminal formation. An aldehyde corresponding to the C28-C40 fragment was then coupled with the C21-C27 allylic stannane by using InCl3. Finally, the FG-...

The C30 carotene synthase CrtM from Staphylococcus aureus and the C40 carotene synthase CrtB from Erwinia uredovora were swapped into their respective foreign C40 and C30 biosynthetic pathways (heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli) and evaluated for function. Each displayed negligible ability to synthesize the natural carotenoid product of the other. After one round of mutagenesis and s...

A through bond, C40/H40 selective, ‘‘out and stay’’ type 4D HC(P)CH experiment is introduced which provides sequential connectivity via H4(i)–C4 0 (i)–C4 0 (i-1)– H4(i-1) correlations. The P dimension (used in the conventional 3D HCP experiment) is replaced with evolution of better dispersed C40 dimension. The experiment fully utilizes C-labeling of RNA by inclusion of two C40 evolution periods...

In this paper laser thermal processing ~LTP! is applied to induce the Ti silicide formation in replacement of rapid thermal annealing ~RTA! in narrow lines. Results show that the C40 TiSi2 is synthesized after LTP in both large and small features. With this interfacial C40 TiSi2 , the C54 TiSi2-phase formation temperature can be lowered by 100°C during subsequent annealing. The C40-C54-phase tr...

Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) is a chloroplast-replicating RNA that propagates in its natural host, peach (Prunus persica), as a complex mixture of variants, some of which are endowed with specific structural and pathogenic properties. This is the case of variant PC-C40, with an insertion of 12 to 13 nucleotides that folds into a hairpin capped by a U-rich loop, which is responsible for an...

Caged antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (asODNs) are synthesized by linking two ends of linear oligodeoxynucleotides using a photocleavable linker. Two of them (H30 and H40) have hairpin-like structures which show a large difference in thermal stability (Delta T(m) = 17.5 degrees C and 11.6 degrees C) comparing to uncaged ones. The other three (C20, C30 and C40) without stable secondary structure...

Recently, the biosynthetic pathway for lycopadiene, a C40 tetraterpenoid hydrocarbon, was deciphered from the L race of Botryococcus braunii, an alga that produces hydrocarbon oils capable of being converted into combustible fuels. The lycopadiene pathway is initiated by the squalene synthase (SS)-like enzyme lycopaoctaene synthase (LOS), which catalyzes the head-to-head condensation of two C20...

This study was carried out for remediation of drill cutting soil from two oil field sites in Kurdistan Region Iraq. nanotechnology implemented. Heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and petroleum hydrocarbons (C8-C24, C24-C40, TPH) were analyzed before after soil. The experiment designed. results indicate that the concentration heavy metals (Ni, Cd Cr) within normal range except Pb. result showed removal...

In tropical regions, high light levels can lead to increased photooxidative damage in plants. Thus, reducing solar radiation could have a substantial impact on crop performance. This study aimed evaluate the physiological responses and metabolic profile of two tomato varieties grown microenvironments modified with cover meshes under level warm climate. The experiment was achieved irradiance an ...