todd lawson in article hermeneutic interpretation of pre-islamic and shiite، attempts to describe and assess the historical development of hermeneutics the twelver shia interpretation. this article is based on the shia interpretation of the phenomena of contemporary hermeneutics four province-based، compromise، mystical and esoteric (deafness hermeneutic) and philosophical - has lived provinces...

The important characteristic of sea waves is their high energy density, which is the highest among renewable energy sources. Having up to 2700 km. of shoreline, Iran has a great potential in construction of offshore wave buoys (hereafter called OWB). In this article a OWB model with the possibility of assembling different buoy configurations is introduced. The system is exposed to regular and i...

Abstract The relations between the Islamic empires of early modern period—the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals—have long been subject research, as have links each them Europe. present paper adopts a different approach, addressing Central Eastern Europe part single geopolitical continuum. This is done by focusing on events late 1630s—the Safavid-Mughal conflict over Kandahar Ottoman-Safavid Treat...

In this work, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) buoy that utilizes a Virtual Base Station (VBS) combined with the Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning technology was developed to monitor water surface elevations in estuaries and coastal areas. The GNSS buoy includes a buoy hull, a RTK GNSS receiver, data-transmission devices, a data logger, and General Purpose Radio Service (GPRS) mo...

Wave periods estimated from satellite altimetry data behave differently from those calculated from buoy data, especially in low-wind conditions. In this paper, the geometric mean wave period is calculated from buoy data, rather than the commonly used zero-crossing wave period . The geometric mean wave period uses the fourth moment of the wave frequency spectrum and is related to the mean-square...

The assessment and validation of the quality of satellite scatterometer vector winds is challenging under increased subcell wind variability conditions, since reference wind sources such as buoy winds or model output represent very different spatial scales from those resolved by scatterometers (i.e., increased representativeness error). In this paper, moored buoy wind time series are used to as...

We present the development and application of small buoy systems for wave energy harvesting (free-floating or slackly moored), to produce about 1 KW per unit at full scale. These systems are targeted for powering distributed marine surveillance and instrumentation networks, and should be simple in concept, easily deployable, storm resilient, and low maintenance. Our work involved design, experi...