Trihalomethanes (chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane, and chlorodibromomethane) are common contaminants of chlorinated drinking water. Although animal data indicate that these compounds may be reproductive toxicants, little information exists on their relation to spontaneous abortion in humans. We examined exposure to trihalomethanes and spontaneous abortion in a prospective study of 5,...

Bromodichloromethane, a trihalomethane found in water supplies after chlorination, was administered by gavage in corn oil to male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice for up to 2 years at dose levels of 0, 50, or 100 mg/kg to rats, 0, 25, or 50 mg/kg to male mice, and 0, 75, or 150 mg/kg to female mice. Survival at 2 years in rats and in male mice was comparable among groups and was greater t...

[1] Modification of continental land for agricultural use has increased over the last century. Atmospheric impact of this land use change has only been addressed for a few ecosystems and compounds. This paper provides, to date, the most comprehensive examination of gaseous emissions from rice paddies. We report seasonal emission ranges and integrated emission totals for 55 chemical species. Thi...

BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have used various measures to characterize trihalomethane (THM) exposures, but the relationship of these indicators to exposure biomarkers remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We examined temporal and spatial variability in baseline blood THM concentrations and assessed the relationship between these concentrations and several exposure indicators (tap water concentra...

Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in nitrifying biofilters degrading four regulated trihalomethanes-trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and tribromomethane-were related to Nitrosomonas oligotropha. N. oligotropha is associated with chloraminated drinking water systems, and its presence in the biofilters might indicate that trihalomethane tolerance is another reason that...

Trihalomethanes (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane, and bromoform) are regulated organic contaminants in chlorinated drinking water. In female B6C3F1 mouse liver, the 4 trihalomethanes have demonstrated carcinogenic activity when administered by oral gavage; however, chloroform was not carcinogenic when administered in drinking water. Female B6C3F1 mice were administered th...

AIMS To assess spatial fluctuations, temporal variability, and errors due to sampling and analysis in levels of disinfection by-products in routine monitoring tap water samples and in water samples collected in households within the same distribution system for an exposure assessment study. METHODS Mixed effects models were applied to quantify seasonal effects and the degree to which trihalom...