It is common in many countries that engineers having an academic degree in Civil Engineering are appointed responsible for different tasks related to Bridge Engineering. However, there are serious questions about whether formal university courses in civil engineering could cover the needs of a bridge engineer to fulfill his or her job successfully. Regarding the recent significant advances in t...

scour around hydraulic structures is an inevitable phenomenon . recognition of this phenomenon and dealing with it is an issue considering which will ensure the project success . local scour at piers has been reported as the most important factor in the destruction of the bridges . the use of submerged and non-submerged piles is one of the scour control methods . submerged piles have been rarel...

operation kheibarin which the war engineering supporting of jihad played an important role is one of the major military operations in the eight-year war implemented in hawr al-azimarea in the winter of 1981 with the aim of achieving the basra-to-al-amara road. building a13-km floating bridge named kheibar as thewaterrearsof the units on the forward edge of battle area, construction a 14-km road...

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general kind of encroachment of river is constructing a bridge on it. purpose of encroachment of river is occupation part of river and flood plain for constructing bridge. often being economical of bridge innovation affirmated that most of encroachment take place to river and flood plain, which this encroachment can be in form of embankment in flood plain of river or into the main bed of river ...