Introduction: Branchial arch anomalies represent defects in embryological developments whereby parts of the branchial arch persist in the head and neck regions as sinuses, fistulas, or cysts. These anomalies usually present as a unilateral lesion in the head and neck of young adults and children, which are excised upon the emergence of complications.   Case Report: Herei...

the osteology of the hyoid and branchial arches in several representatives of eurypterygian fishes were examined. the hyoid arches consist of a single basihyal and urohyal, and the arch on each side consists of a dorsal and a ventral hypohyal, an anterior and posterior ceratohyal, an interhyal, and branchiostegal rays that are borne on the ceratohyals. the branchial arches consist of three sing...

UNLABELLED The branchial arches are the embryological precursors of the face, neck and pharynx. Anomalies of the branchial arches are the second most common congenital lesions of the head and neck in children, with second branchial arch anomalies by far the most common. Clinically, these congenital anomalies may present as cysts, sinus tracts, fistulae or cartilaginous remnants with typical cli...

Branchial arches are externally visible tissue bands in the head region of all vertebrate embryos. Although initially formed from similar components, each arch will give rise to different head and neck structures. In a screen designed to characterize the molecular control of branchial arch identity in mouse, we identified Pcp4 as a second branchial arch-specific molecular signature. We further ...

Numerous human syndromes are the result of abnormal cranial neural crest development. One group of such defects, referred to as CATCH-22 (cardiac defects, abnormal facies, thymic hypoplasia, cleft palate, hypocalcemia, associated with chromosome 22 microdeletion) syndrome, exhibit craniofacial and cardiac defects resulting from abnormal development of the third and fourth neural crest-derived b...

Pitx2 expression is observed during all states of the myogenic progression in embryonic muscle anlagen and persists in adult muscle. Pitx2 mutant mice form all but a few muscle anlagen. Loss or degeneration in muscle anlagen could generally be attributed to the loss of a muscle attachment site induced by some other aspect of the Pitx2 phenotype. Muscles derived from the first branchial arch wer...

Congenital fourth branchial arch anomalies are uncommon entities. Most of these anomalies are diagnosed in childhood. The majority of cases occur on the left side. The clinical presentation of these anomalies varies with age. A respiratory distress is the usual clinical presentation in neonates, cervical cutaneous fistulas in late childhood or acute suppurative thyroiditis. Multiples diagnostic...

During development, cranial motor neurons extend their axons along distinct pathways into the periphery. For example, branchiomotor axons extend dorsally to leave the hindbrain via large dorsal exit points. They then grow in association with sensory ganglia, to their targets, the muscles of the branchial arches. We have investigated the possibility that pathway tissues might secrete diffusible ...

Expression of Fgf-8, Bmp-4, Bmp-7, and shh in the branchial arches of the chick embryo is examined by in situ hybridization. Fgf-8 expression is initially broad and diffuse, becoming more tightly restricted, particularly in the epithelium of the posterior ectodermal margin (PEM) of the 2nd branchial arch. Bmp-7 transcripts, first seen at stage 12 in discrete regions corresponding to the develop...

The homology of branchial arch segments in salamanders has been a matter of controversy since the last century. Many investigators term the most medial paired elements of salamander branchial arches "ceratobranchials" and the next distal paired elements "epibranchials." This suggests that the first two segmental elements of the salamander branchial arch are not homologous with elements occupyin...