In this paper, several optimum structures of a cascaded multilevel inverter is proposed. This optimization is based on generation a constant number of output voltage levels by using minimum number of power switches or dc voltage sources or minimum amount of blocked voltage by power switches. In addition, the optimum structure for a constant number of dc voltage sources by using minimum number o...

In this paper, a new structure for cascade multilevel inverter is presented which consists of a series connection of several sub-multilevel units. Each sub-multilevel unit comprises of eight unidirectional switches, two bidirectional switches, and six DC voltage sources. For the proposed cascade topology, two algorithms are presented to produce all possible levels at the output voltage waveform...

in this paper, two new cascaded inverters are proposed, by using the series connection of new submultilevel inverters. each of the proposed submultilevel inverters consists of three batteries and eight power switches. four algorithms are presented to determine the voltages of these batteries for each of the proposed structures. in this study the comparison between the proposed structures with c...

ion channels are responsible for control of cell function in excitable tissues such as heart and brain and also in organs and tissues traditionally thought to be non- excitable including liver and epithelium. in the present research, the effect of lead (pb2+) on ca2+ -dependent action potential and currents was studied in f77 neuronal soma membrane of helix aspersa. for this purpose, action pot...

A particular characteristic of the neonatal hippocampus is the presence of spontaneous network-driven oscillatory events, the so-called giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs). GDPs depend on the interplay between GABA and glutamate. Early in development, GABA, acting on GABAA receptors, depolarizes neuronal membranes via a Cl- efflux. Glutamate, via AMPA receptors, generates a positive feedback n...

A particular characteristic of the neonatal hippocampus is the presence of spontaneous network-driven oscillatory events, the so-called giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs). GDPs depend on the interplay between GABA and glutamate. Early in development, GABA, acting on GABAA receptors, depolarizes neuronal membranes via a Cl- efflux. Glutamate, via AMPA receptors, generates a positive feedback n...

BSC1, which was originally identified by its sequence similarity to voltage-gated Na(+) channels, encodes a functional voltage-gated cation channel whose properties differ significantly from Na(+) channels. BSC1 has slower kinetics of activation and inactivation than Na(+) channels, it is more selective for Ba(2+) than for Na(+), it is blocked by Cd(2+), and Na(+) currents through BSC1 are bloc...

IRK1 (Kir2.1) inward-rectifier K+ channels exhibit exceedingly steep rectification, which reflects strong voltage dependence of channel block by intracellular cations such as the polyamine spermine. On the basis of studies of IRK1 block by various amine blockers, it was proposed that the observed voltage dependence (valence approximately 5) of IRK1 block by spermine results primarily from K+ io...

Ion channels are responsible for control of cell function in excitable tissues such as heart and brain and also in organs and tissues traditionally thought to be non- excitable including liver and epithelium. In the present research, the effect of lead (Pb2+) on Ca2+ -dependent action potential and currents was studied in F77 neuronal soma membrane of Helix aspersa. For this purpose, action pot...