in this paper a discrete big bang-big crunch algorithm is applied to optimal design of reinforced concrete planar frames under the gravity and lateral loads. optimization is based on aci 318-08 code. columns are assumed to resist axial loads and bending moments, while beams resist only bending moments. second-order effects are also considered for the compression members, and columns are checked...

in this paper, the mean value of strain energy density criterion has been used to predict the critical fracture load in specimens with u-shaped notch under bending loads. an equation for calculation of averaged strain energy density in this zone has been presented. bending loads under mode i have been considered. two cases have been studied: 1) the control volume only includes the semicircular ...

Fixation to the sacrum and pelvis is a problem in the operative treatment of spinal deformity. Previous testing of pedicle screws address axial pull-out strength, yet how screws are loaded in vivo remains unknown. The goals of this study were to determine the loads experienced by sacral screws when loaded as part of Cotrel-Dubousset (CD) sacral instrumentation and whether different anterior gra...

The Galerkin method is applied to analyze the elastic large deflection behavior of metal plates subject to a combination of in-plane loads such as biaxial loads, edge shear and biaxial inplane bending moments, and uniformly or nonuniformly distributed lateral pressure loads. The motive of the present study was initiated by the fact that metal plates of ships and ship-shaped offshore structures ...

Elastic-plastic behavior of a beam made of functionally graded material is investigated in this work‎. ‎The beam is subjected to the constant axial and bending loads and the critical values of these loads for yield‎, ‎collapse and elastic-plastic conditions are obtained‎. ‎The variation of elastic modulus and yield strength through the height of the beam is determined with an exponential rule‎....

To date, transverse and vertical forces applied eccentrically to the axis of dental implants in the molar area during oral function have not been quantified. A specially designed load cell placed directly in the implant allowed for measurements of bending moments. Results of both load directions were compared to each other and to the loads applied vertically along the implant axis. The stress i...

How animals cope with increases in body size is a key issue in biology. Here, we consider scaling of xenarthrans, particularly how femoral form and function varies to accommodate the size range between the 3 kg armadillo and its giant relative the 300 kg glyptodont. It has already been noted that femoral morphology differs between these animals and suggested that this reflects a novel adaptatio...

The purpose of this study was to develop injury risk functions for dynamic bending of the human femur in the lateral-to-medial and posterior-to-anterior loading directions. A total of 45 experiments were performed on human cadaver femurs using a dynamic three-point drop test setup. An impactor of 9.8 kg was dropped from 2.2 m for an impact velocity of 5 m/s. Five-axis load cells measured the im...

The purpose of this paper is to present a method for calculating the upper bound limit loads plate bending using conforming Hsieh-Clough-Tocher (HCT) element. These can be obtained from Koiter’s kinematic shakedown theorem case one load vertex instead theorem. When combining with approximated displacement field, analysis turns into an optimization problem and effectively solved by Second-Order ...

The aim of this paper is to provide an aeroelastic computational tool which determines the induced wing loads during flapping flight. For this purpose, a Finite Element (FE) code based on a four-node plate bending element formulation is developed to simulate the aeroelastic behavior of flapping wings in low incompressible flow. A quasi-steady aerodynamic model is incorporated into the aeroelast...