intertextuality is one of the most important theories in comparative literature, because it deals with effectiveness of literature, just like comparative literature. the theorists believe that any text is the result of absorption and transformation of another text. the maqama technique has had a great impact on european literature in terms of fiction writing and has technically inspired picares...

Given the importance of physical activities for children of preschool age, it merits a critical viewing of the textbooks used at this level in order to improve the textbooks content where it may be needed. To this end, three such books published under the supervision of Tehran’s Department of Elementary Education in 2014, were selected, and reviewed for any words, sentences, and pictures relate...

nezami, is one of the greatest story-teller poets of persian literature whose poems are always followed and welcomed by other poets. zaari, a kurdish poet, is one of those who has translated nezami's  “leyli-va-majnun” poem into kurdish language.     in this paper, “leyli-va majnun” of both zaari and nezami have been comparatively studied and our research is conducted in three parts: elisi...