26 Thirty-four commercial lager beers were analysed for their hop bitter acid, phenolic acid 27 and polyphenol contents. Based on analytical data, it was evident that the beers had 28 been produced using a range of different raw materials and hopping practices. Principal 29 Components Analysis was used to select a sub-set of 10 beers that contained diverse 30 concentrations of the analysed bitt...

AIM Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) are prominent prescribing issues in elderly patients. The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence of PIMs identified by the Beers 2015 and 2012 criteria in older patients in China and identify the correlates of PIMs. METHODS This retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at Peking University First Hospit...

The carbon isotope ratios (delta(13)C) of 160 beers from around the world ranged from -27.3 to -14.9 per thousand, primarily due to variation in the percentage of C(3) or C(4) plant carbon in the final product. Thirty-one percent of beers had a carbon signature of C(3) plants (barley, rice, etc.), whereas the remaining 69% contained some C(3)-C(4) mixture (mean of mixtures, 39 +/- 11% C(4) carb...

What role categorization processes play in chemosensory expertise and its acquisition? In this paper, we address this question by exploring the criteria used by trained and untrained assessors when they categorize beers. Two experimental factors were manipulated: beer color and brewery. Participants sorted nine commercial beers coming in three different colors and from three different breweries...

Biogenic amines were determined by HPLC in four beer types. In spontaneously fermented beers (SF beers), the amounts of vasoactive amines reached high levels, namely a mean value (1) above 20 mg/l for tyramine and (2) close to 10 mg/l for histamine. Considering the bacterial origin of these amines, we established a calculation formula for a Beer biogenic amine index (Beer BAI), reflecting the m...

Four of the major HS-GC analyses that are typically performed at breweries are described here (Table 1). The first, and most important, is monitoring for vicinal diketones (VDK) in the beer, which include 2,3-butanedione (diacetyl) and 2,3-pentanedione. VDK are considered extremely important since they are known to affect the taste of the beer. These components produce a butterlike flavor and a...

A great reformer has passed on. Clifford Whittingham Beers died on July 9th, 1943, at Providence, U.S.A., but his fine enthusiastic and farseeing spirit has left behind it work which persists and grows. At a time when such ideas as his were regarded as almost too progressive, and, in some quarters indeed, as subversive and revolutionary, he, a recovered patient, demonstrated the value of indivi...

Indigenous beers (chicha) are part of the indigenous culture in Ecuador. The fermentation process of these beers probably relies on microorganisms from fermented substrates, environment and human microbiota. We analyzed the microbiota of artisanal beers (including a type of beer produced after chewing boiled cassava) using bacterial culture and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene-based tag-encoded FL...

Bubble nucleation in weakly supersaturated solutions of carbon dioxide—such as champagne, sparkling wines and carbonated beers—is well understood. Bubbles grow and detach from nucleation sites: gas pockets trapped within hollow cellulose fibres. This mechanism appears not to be active in stout beers that are supersaturated solutions of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. In their canned forms these be...