The rise of barter and non-cash payments has become a dominant feature of the Russian transition to a market economy. This paper confronts with empirical evidence two approaches to explain barter in Russia: the ’illusion view’ and the ’trust view’ of barter. The ’illusion view’ suggests that barter allows the parties to pretend that the manufacturing sector in Russia is producing value added by...

A barter transaction allows for two parties to exchange goods or services without using money. Direct barter is often referred to as the “double coincidence of wants” and requires that each of the two parties involved in the transaction each have a good satisfying a specific need of the other party. This results in high transaction costs, primarily associated with the search to find the “double...

The paper presents two models of iterative barter where two players (A and B) aim at exchanging a pair of items without sharing any common scale of evaluation nor any common numerary good as the money. An item may be either a good or a chore (i. e. a bad) or a service of some kind and may “belong” to either players. In the first model every player proposes to the other a pair of items in an alt...

barter is a scalable, highly-available and efficient electronic commerce system that facilitates digital content trade over an open network. barter is designed to operate over a large-scale, global and heterogeneous communication network infrastructure. The barter protocols address two vital requirements from an electronic commerce system, neglected from existing systems: scalability and transa...

“Barter คือ การแลกเปลี่ยนสนิคาและบริการระหวางคูคาโดยไม ใชเงินสด ซื้อสิ่งที ต่องการใน เวลาที่ตองการ [Item Company, 2003] ระบบ Barter Trade System เปนธุรกิจประเภทหนึ่งที ท่าํการซื้อขายสินคาหรือบริการ เช นเดียวกับธุรกิจอื่น ๆ ทั่วไป ซึ่งมีความแตกตางเพียงการใช Trade Dollar แทนการใชเงินสด โดยที่มูลคาของ 1 Trade Dollar เทียบเทากับ 1 หนวยของสกุลเงินแตละประเภท Barter Trade System (คืออะไร)

This essay analyzes the circumstances under which a barter system based on merchants and centralized markets dominates an unstructured primitive barter system. For that purpose, we set up a spatial general equilibrium model where exchange is costly. In an unstructured barter system, as population increases, the transaction costs may become cumbersome and the cost of trade expansion surpasses it...

BACKGROUND Economists believe that barter is the ultimate cause of social wealth--and even much of our human culture--yet little is known about the evolution and development of such behavior. It is useful to examine the circumstances under which other species will or will not barter to more fully understand the phenomenon. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are an interesting test case as they are a...

This paper analyzes relationships among money, barter, and inflation in Russia during the transition period. Following the development of a theoretical framework that introduces barter into a standard macroeconomic model for a small, open economy, we estimate the model using structural cointegration and vector error-correction methods. Our findings suggest that Russian barter resulted partly fr...