OBJECTIVE Although several previous studies have evaluated horizontal head restraint backset distances, few studies have evaluated them during driving. The purpose of this study was to measure this backset during routine automobile driving and to specifically evaluate the backset during individual driving tasks such as turning, stopping, starting, and lane changes. METHODS Fourteen subjects d...

A retrospective study of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in 20 patients was conducted. These patients underwent computed tomography (CT) scans on the involved knee postoperatively to determine sagittal placement of the proximal end of the tibial tunnel (TTp) based on a distance from a specific anatomic reference known as the over-the-back (OTB) ridge. The distance from th...

BACKGROUND Previous epidemiological studies have observed that an initial head restraint backset greater than 10 cm is associated with a higher risk of neck injury and persistent symptoms. The objective of this study was to investigate the relation between the active head restraint position and peak neck motion using a new human model of the neck. METHODS The model consisted of an osteoligame...

Background: Neck injuries in rear-end collisions are still a major problem both for the injured and, in terms of cost, for society. The latest generation of rear-end whiplash protection systems, as found in the WHIPS Volvo and SAHR Saab, have reduced injury rates by almost 50% in comparison with the previous generation of seat/head restraint systems. Occupant behaviour, such as seated posture a...

OBJECTIVE The objective is to establish a basis for motor vehicle test requirements that measure component contributions to Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD). METHODS Selected vehicle design features are evaluated with regard to their relative contributions to WAD measures. The motion of the occupant cervical spine associated with WAD is divided into four phases: retraction, extension, rebo...

Ozonation of uncooked corn mash from the POET BPX process was investigated as a potential disinfection method for reducing bacterial contamination prior to ethanol fermentation. Corn mash (200 g) was prepared from POET ground corn and POET corn slurry and was ozonated in 250 mL polypropylene bottles. Lactic and acetic acid levels were monitored daily during the fermentation of ozonated, aerated...

In January 2001, NHTSA issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) concerning the regulation of automobile head restraints in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 202. This report presents analyses of occupant posture and position data that were conducted in preparation for comments from UMTRI on the NPRM. The focus of this report is on the potential impact of head restraint geometry...

This paper proposes a 2D dynamical model for evaluating parameters affecting whiplash. In fact a four segment dynamical model is developed in the sagittal plane for the analysis. The model response is validated using the existing experimental data and is shown to simulate the "S-Shape" and "initial upward ramping" kinematics of the cervical spine and the resulting dynamics observed in human and...