The avian family Paridae (tits and chickadees) contains c. 55 species distributed in the Palearctic, Nearctic, Afrotropics and Indomalaya. The group includes some of the most well-known and extensively studied avian species, and the evolutionary history, in particular the post-glacial colonization of the northern latitudes, has been comparably well-studied for several species. Yet a comprehensi...

although host species generally face increased risk of brood parasitism in fragmented temperate landscapes and forest edge, little information exists to assess such risks in tropical birds. we studied how cuculidae species populations, host species population, and micro-environmental variables changed along an edge-to-interior gradient in peninsular malaysia. bird observations and environmental...

Commercial mortgage backed securities (CMBS) are complex asset backed securities trading in markets that do not currently use derivatives pricing technology. This lack of usage is due to the complexity of the modeling exercise, and only the recent and costly availability of historical data. As such, CMBS markets provide a natural environment for the testing of market efficiency with respect to ...

CHRISTOPHER HOFMANN, 1 * WEN-SUI LO, 2 CHENG-TE YAO 3 & SHOU-HSIEN LI 2 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA 2 Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Ting-Chow Road, Sec 4, Taipei, Taiwan, 116, China 3 Endemic Species Research Institute, 1 Ming-Shen East Road, JiJi Township, Nantou ...

Mitochondrial DNA sequences were used to study the phylogeny, population structure and colonisation history of Parus species. The phylogenetic relationships of seven European and three American species were examined by sequencing a part of the cytochrome b gene. Phylogenetically the closest species were the great tit (Parus major) and the blue tit (P. caeruleus). Subgenus Poecile was divided in...

The feeding rate, food size, energy intake and nutrient intake were studied for nestlings of the Varied Tit (Parus varius) and the Great Tit (Parus major) living in evergreen broad-leaved forest in Minamata, southern Kyushu, Japan. The frequency of daily feeding visit was around 100 times for both species. The diets of the two species were similar in general; feeding on lepidopteran larvae, mot...

North American chickadees and titmice are believed to be descendents of Eurasian lineages that crossed the Bering land bridge in the late Pliocene 3.5 to 4 million years ago (Gill et al. 2005; see also Chapters 1 and 2). The North American chickadees are divided into two groups based on phenotypic differences (references in Gill et al. 1989). The black-capped group contains four species: black-...

Trong bM n~y, chang toi trlnh b~y mot cOng tr~nh v~ ffch lu~ cdc ta.p h.op tit v.tmg, bao gbm s.~ thu h'Oi cdc thi nguyen tit die'n v~ s.tr s~n sinh cdc t.~p h.op tit v.trng m6i. Phttong phdp thu h'Oi s{t du.ng mot bo. djch theo ca phdp phi nggt cdnh vh cdc k~ thu.at s~a ddi van bhn, da chang tO d~ ddng, linh ho.at vh hiCu quh. Trdn ca s(r phan rich cdc lo.ai hinh sdn sinh cdc t.~p h.op tit v.~...

BitTorrent achives great success in its high performance for file distribution. It is commonly believed that this owes to Tit-for-Tat strategy adopted in choking algorithm for incentive in BitTorrent protocol. But there are still many issues in incentive mechanism in BitTorrent. In this paper, we study Tit-for-Tat strategy by constructing a game model in P2P environments and deducing the constr...