The objective of this paper is to present review on the axle used in railways to have better performance with minimum losses to railways . There are various material which is used for manufacturing axle. This paper gives the summary and range of various material used in the railway axle and our aim is to find stresses on axle and is to reduce the maintainence cost stresses as well as increase t...

A load of 5±20 Mg on a single axle cart is a common practice for spreading manure and harvesting grains in the US Corn Belt. Yet, effects of such a load used for a long time of 5±10 years on crop yield are not known for predominant soils of the region. Further, axle load effects on crop yield may depend on tillage methods. Thus, effects of axle load and tillage methods on corn (Zea mays L.) gra...

Occurrence of top down and bottom up fatigue cracking in asphaltic pavements is common. Conventional pavement analysis methods ignore the existence of cracks in asphaltic layers. However, it seems that the responses of cracked pavement would not be the same as a pavement without crack. This paper describes effects of crack type, position and length, and vehicles tire inflation pressure and axle...

We examine a rod piston-rotaxane system, where the positions of several mobile rings on the axle are controlled by an external force acting on one of the rings. This allows us to access the translational entropy of the rings. For a simple rotaxane molecule with an axle that has uniform ring-axle interactions along its length, the molecule behaves like a miniature piston filled with a one-dimens...

The capacitated vehicle routing problem with sequence-based pallet loading and axle weight constraints is an extension of the classical Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). It integrates loading constraints in a routing problem and is based on a real-world transportation problem. The demand of the customers consists of pallets. These pallets may be placed in two horizontal rows inside th...

OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal crank length and crank-axle height for maximum power production during standing arm cranking ("grinding"). METHODS Nine elite professional America's Cup grinders (age = 36 +/- 2 yr, body mass = 104 +/- 1 kg, body fat = 13% +/- 2%) performed eight maximal 6-s sprints on an adjustable standing arm-crank ergometer fitted with an SRM power crank. The protocol in...

In this paper a new electromagnetic nondestructive system for inspection of train hollow axle is presented. The system allows to observe changes of vector AC fields in order to enhance the probability of proper classification. The performance of the system is verified using hollow axle sample with artificial notches of different depths. The experimental results are presented and discussed. Keyw...

In the past, components under fatigue loading were designed by using an S-N curve and endurance limit according to very high cycle fatigue tests [1-3], fatigue strength to failure at a given life decreases as loading cycles increase. In other words, endurance limit is not observed for most materials, which is true for axle materials for rolling stock. An axle is one of the key components for st...

This repeated measures study assessed the changes in speed, acceleration, stroke frequency, and shoulder range of motion (ROM) associated with different wheelchair axle positions in people with chronic cervical (C) 6 tetraplegia. Our main hypothesis is that the up and forward axle position is the most conducive to wheelchair propulsion, increasing speed and acceleration with a lower stroke freq...