the irony is a flexible structure in arabic and persian languages in which speaker can state his concerns ambiguously and addressee comprehend the favorite meaning of the irony according to his atmosphere and cultural situation this artistic and eloquent approach has various motives like shame and shyness, fear of saying beliefs freely, attraction of addressee, defamilarezation, running away fr...

The main aspects of linguistic study the language unit «address» in domestic and foreign linguistics are considered article. Different approaches to concept «address», structural functional features address, classification address based on status, situation participants communication, as well morphological semantic characteristics were considered. It was noted that when considering only an elem...

The article is devoted to the actual problem of formation a communicative culture among young people. In order identify specifics building “addressee — addressee” relationship, study media texts aimed at consumers carried out. To achieve research goal, content modern youth “Marusya”, “Yangspace”, NR was studied based on textual method. paper presents results an in–depth analysis social pages re...

Language production is often argued to be adapted to addressees’ needs. As an instance of this, speakers produce fewer speech accompanying hand gestures if the speaker and the addressee cannot see each other. Yet there is also empirical evidence that speakers tend to base their language production on their own perspective, rather than their addressee’s. Therefore, speakers may gesture different...

The present research is aimed at investigating how the politeness of the speakers of Urdu is influenced by their relative social status in society. The researcher took politeness theory of Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987) as a model. To observe politeness of Urdu speakers, speech act of apology with different strategies was selected. A Discourse Completion Task (DCT) was used as an instrument to...

The aim of this paper is to establish a semantic characterisation of vocatives, while leaving aside pragmatic and sociolinguistic considerations as far as possible. I will defend the `IPA-hypothesis' of the meaning of vocatives, that is, the hypothesis that vocatives have three basic functions: to identify the addressee(s), to predicate something on the addressee(s), and to activate the address...

Information about interlocutor identity is pragmatic in nature and has traditionally been distinguished from explicitly coded linguistic information, including mophosyntax. Study of speaker identity in language processing has questioned this distinction, but addressee identity has been less considered. We used Basque to explore how addressee identity is processed during morphosyntactic analysis...

Speakers are argued to adapt their language production to their addressee’s needs. For instance, speakers produce fewer and smaller hand gestures when interlocutors cannot see each other. Yet is this because speakers know their addressee cannot see them, or because they themselves do not see their addressee? By means of computer-mediated communication we manipulated these factors independently....

Two experiments investigated whether the choice of anaphoric expression is affected by the presence of an addressee. Following a context sentence and visual scene, participants described a target scene that required anaphoric reference. They described the scene either to an addressee (Experiment 1) or without an addressee (Experiment 2). When an addressee was present in the task, participants u...