this study utilizes a decade long (2005-2014) monthly data of total column tropospheric ozone (tcto) in dubson units to evaluate the spatial and temporal trend of lao over some major cities of west africa, namely lagos, accra, niamey, abuja, bamako, dakar, agadez, conakry, kano, and ouagadougou which are either capital cites or major commercial hubs, where the population ranges from 0.09 millio...

Indian Ocean is known as a source of moisture for southeast of Iran due to summer precipitation. In this study, in order to investigate the role of SST of Indian Ocean, and the convergence and divergence fields in the precipitation of southeast of Iran, precipitation data of five synoptic stations were used during 2000-2010, including Iranshahr, Khash, ChahBahar, Zabul, and Saravan. To investig...

The problem of spurious retrogression of very long waves by the non-divergent barotropic forecasts is shown to be the same problem discussed extensively by Rossby, Yeh, and Bolin. This difficulty is due to the failure of the nondivergent model to allow properly for the mutual adjustment of wind and pressure fields. The equation of continuity for a homogeneous incompressible fluid with an upper ...

Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures Back Close Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures Back Close Abstract For the determination of photolysis rates at large zenith angles it has been demonstrated that refraction by the earth's atmosphere must be taken into account. In fact, due to the modified optical path the optical transmittance is thereby increased in mos...

This paper analyzes the hydrodynamic and atmospheric instability modulation mechanisms which influence the Brazilian Current's (BC) thermal front signature in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Simulations were made using the M4S SAR imaging model. Two SAR images of the Brazilian Southeastern Coast depicting the BC's thermal front were selected including a VV (ASAR/Envisat) and a HH polariz...

Two methods are developed to estimate net surface energy fluxes based upon satellite-derived reconstructions of radiative fluxes at the top of atmosphere and the atmospheric energy tendencies and transports from the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Method 1 applies the mass-adjusted energy divergence from ERA-Interim, while method 2 estimates energy divergence based upon the net energy difference at the...

A mathematical model is developed which predicts the probability of ocular damage occurring to personnel illuminated by a pulsed laser beam as a function of the appropriate optical and atmospheric parameters. The evaluation includes terms for the laser output energy and divergence, and atmospheric parameters of attenuation and scintillation. Sample computations are shown, and a safety nomograph...

Free space optical communication system (FSO) is a potential solution for increasing bandwidth demands. The FSO has a capability to provide high speed data communication, economic and quick deployable. With recent advances and interest in Free Space Optics (FSO) for commercial deployments, a proper understanding of optical signal propagation in different atmospheric conditions has become essent...

Abstract We study a minimisation problem in L p and ∞ for certain cost functionals, where the class of admissible mappings is constrained by Navier–Stokes equations. Problems this type are motivated variational data assimilation atmospheric flows arising weather forecasting. Herein we establish existence PDE-constrained minimisers all , also that converge to as → ∞. further show solve an Euler–...