traumatic brain injury (tbi) can be caused by a wide variety of stimuli and encompasses a large range of severities. tbi has the potential for long-term and gradually increased susceptibility for behavioral disturbances, seizure disorders or neurodegenerative disease. in the healthy central nervous system (cns), astrocytes play important roles in preserving the homeostasis of ions, transmitters...

Background: B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 protein, bcl-2, is an important anti-apoptotic factor that has been implicated in lithium’s neuroprotective effect. However, most studies have focused on assessing the effects of lithium in neurons, ignoring examination of bcl-2 in astrocytes, which also influence neuronal survival and are affected in bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to evaluate whet...

objective(s):theneuroprotective effect of lithium has been attributed to its therapeutic action. however, the role of glial cells particularly astrocytes, and the possible interactions between neurons and astrocytes in neuroprotective effects of lithium have been disregarded. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the direct effects of lithium on brain derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) an...

Astrocyte cells form the largest cell population in brain and can influence neuron behavior. These provide appropriate feedback control regulating neuronal activities Central Nervous System (CNS). This paper presents a set of equations as model to describe interactions between neurons astrocyte. A VHDL–AMS-based tripartite synapse that includes pre-synaptic neuron, synaptic terminal, post-synap...

background: b cell cll/lymphoma 2 protein, bcl-2, is an important anti-apoptotic factor that has been implicated in lithium’s neuroprotective effect. however, most studies have focused on assessing the effects of lithium in neurons, ignoring examination of bcl-2 in astrocytes, which also influence neuronal survival and are affected in bipolar disorder. the aim of this study was to evaluate whet...

Astrocyte cells, the most existing abundant cells in central nervous system, play an essential role modulating neuronal activities, information processing, and regulating synaptic plasticity through calcium (Ca2+) fluctuations of ions hemostasis by using a feedback mechanism. The pathophysiological hypersynchronous activity can lead to epileptic seizures, which is known as one neurodegenerative...

Introduction: Astrocyte dysfunction is the common pathology resulting in failure of astrocyte-neuron interaction in neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s Disease (PD). To date, only few experimental models of selective ablation of astrocytes are known. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of striatal injections of selective glial toxin L-aminoadipic acid (L-AA) on the loco...

Astrocytes, the main Central Nervous System (CNS) glial cell type, actively release transmitters, including glutamate, and thereby participate in physiological brain information processing. However, dysregulated transmitter from astrocytes can contribute to CNS disease pathogenesis progression. Therefore, targeting astrocyte glutamate is a promising new therapeutic strategy hyper-glutamatergic ...

The pharmacological properties of glutamate agonists were compared in astrocyte-rich and astrocyte-poor cultures derived from embryonic rat cerebral cortex. The object of this investigation was to determine the extent to which glutamate uptake might influence the receptor-mediated neurotoxic actions of these compounds. In astrocyte-rich cultures, using 30 min exposures, we observed that the pot...

Introduction: Brain injury induces an almost immediate response from glial cells, especially astrocytes. Activation of astrocytes leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species that may result in secondary neuronal damage. Melatonin is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, and it has been reported to exert neuroprotection through the prevention of neuronal d...