A fire in an enclosed space, such as a room in a building, is generally called a compartment fire. To prevent the compartment fire, a sprinkler for first-aid fire-fighting is installed in rooms. However, it is difficult to determine the degree to which smoke generation and the fire spreading will be inhibited when sprinklers are on. In particular, demonstrating evacuation behavior assuming an a...

denotation is defined as being a sign of something, as smoke denotes fire. however, literal denotation is used where meaning of a word takes shape in the mind because of conception of the word. taking shape of meanings of words in man’s mind may be caused by such variety of causes as structure of the word, role of the word in a phrase, using a dictionary, circumstances of utterance of the word,...

In room–corridor building geometry, the corridor smoke temperature is of great importance to fire protection engineering as indoor fires occur. Theoretical analysis and a set of reduced-scale model experiments were performed, and a virtual fire model was proposed, to investigate the correlations between the maximum smoke temperature in corridors and the smoke temperature in rooms. The results s...

Introduction Smoke inhalation is the breathing in of the harmful gases, vapours, and particulate matter contained in smoke. Smoke inhalation typically occurs in victims of fire caught in structural fires. People trapped in fire may suffer from inhalation independent of receiving skin burns. However, the incidence of smoke inhalation increases with the percentage of total body surface burned.1 I...

—In this article, a video base early fire alarm system is developed by monitoring the smoke in the scene. There are two major contributions in this work. First, to find the best texture feature for smoke detection, a general framework, named Histograms of Equivalent Patterns (HEP), is adopted to achieve an extensive evaluation of various kinds of texture features. Second, the Block based Inter-...

INTRODUCTION Fire smoke inhalation a recognized etiologic factor of airway injuries. The objective of this study was evaluation of serum high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein concentration in subjects exposed to fire smoke (SEFS). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group consisted of 40 consecutive patients admitted to the Toxicology Unit, Lodz, Poland after exposure to fire smoke. Serum HMGB...

One of the leading hazards affecting everyday life around the world might be smoke, fire and flame. Smoke detectors are widely used for detecting fire and raised alarm saving people life. However, faulty smoke detectors cause false alarm resulting from smoke and fire. In addition, smoke detector fails to detect fires in large spaces including outdoor spaces, auditorium, and warehouses which are...