Nanoparticles (NPs) have promising applications in medicine. Immune system is an important protective system to defend organisms from non-self matters. NPs interact with the immune system and modulate its function, leading to immunosuppression or immunostimulation. These modulating effects may bring benefits or danger. Compositions, sizes, and surface chemistry, and so forth, affect these immun...

Fluid resuscitation is intended to eliminate microcirculatory disorders and restore adequate tissue oxygenation. The safety limits for a restrictive transfusion policy are given by patients' individual tolerance of acute normovolemic anemia. Artificial oxygen carriers based on perfluorocarbon or hemoglobin are attractive alternatives to allogenic red blood cells. There are many risks involved i...

Active anti-cancer immune responses depend on efficient presentation of tumor antigens and co-stimulatory signals by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Therapy with autologous natural APCs is costly and time-consuming and results in variable outcomes in clinical trials. Therefore, development of artificial APCs (aAPCs) has attracted significant interest as an alternative. We discuss the character...

background: mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) possess a wide range of immunomodulatory functions mostly in immune cells including dendritic cells (dcs). dcs are the key cells in the immune response and play an important role in initiating cell-mediated immunity. objective: to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of mscs supernatant on maturation and function of dcs. methods: bone marrow derived mi...

background: oral aphthous is one of the most common oral mucosal inflammatory disorders which are very painful. there is no definite medical strategy up to now for aphthous treatment. recently, some researchers have focused on immunomodulatory drugs such as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus in preventing aphthus recurrences. the aim of this study is to assess the effect of pimecrolimus cream against ...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is the most common chronic autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (cns) which preferentially involves young women in early child bearing age. opposite to traditional view emphasized on discouraging female patients from enduring pregnancy, recent investigations showed that pregnancy-related physiological alterations, especially during the third tr...