background: laboratory bred sand flies are essential for the study of different biological phenomena including the transmis­sion dynamics of leishmania . the aim of the study was to determine the suitable situation for colonization and main­tenance of iranian strain of phlebotomus papatasi at laboratory conditions from an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmani­asis due to leishmania major . metho...

PURPOSE Cat scratch disease is a common infection, particularly in children, and clinicians need to be aware of its potential transmission to humans by arthropod vectors such as fleas and ticks in addition to animal bites and scratches. The absence of a vertebrate bite or scratch does not preclude infection with Bartonella henselae. METHODS Literature regarding arthropod transmission of B. he...

The vector borne diseases cause heavy loss to mankind and livestock industry throughout the world. Global climate changes reported to contribute to the recurrence and new epidemics of vector borne diseases. Unfortunately, the available strategies to control vector borne diseases are insufficient and public health burden of the major vector borne diseases is on increasing trend. Complete eradica...

Effective containment of arthropod vectors of infectious diseases is necessary to prevent transmission of pathogens by released, infected vectors and to prevent vectors that escape from establishing populations that subsequently contribute to increased disease. Although rare, past releases illustrate what can go wrong and justify the need for guidelines that minimize risks. An overview of recom...

THE INTENT OF this section is to provide guidance and to establish a framework for selecting the appropriate arthropod containment level (facilities, equipment, and practices) that reduce risks of release and exposure of laboratory workers and the public to a vector and associated agents. “Risk” implies the probability that harm, injury, or disease will occur among laboratorians or the general ...

Arthropod transmission of tularemia occurs throughout the northern hemisphere. Few pathogens show the adaptability of Francisella tularensis to such a wide array of arthropod vectors. Nonetheless, arthropod transmission of F. tularensis was last actively investigated in the first half of the 20th century. This review will focus on arthropod transmission to humans with respect to vector species,...