abstract erosion and sedimentation are the most complicated problems in hydrodynamic which are very important in water-related projects of arid and semi-arid basins. for this reason, the presence of suitable methods for good estimation of suspended sediment load of rivers is very valuable. solving hydrodynamic equations related to these phenomenons and access to a mathematical-conceptual model ...

On the highlands of Mars early in the history of the planet precipitation-driven fluvial erosion competed with ongoing impact cratering. This disruption, and the multiple enclosed basins produced by impacts, is partially responsible for a long debate concerning the processes and effectiveness of fluvial erosion. The role of fluvial erosion in sculpting the early Martian landscape is explored he...

Although reliable figures are often missing, considerable detrimental changes due to shrinking glaciers are universally expected for water availability in river systems under the influence of ongoing global climate change. We estimate the contribution potential of seasonally delayed glacier melt water to total water availability in large river systems. We find that the seasonally delayed glacie...

Land degradation impacts on several critical environmental issues such as food security, diminishing quality and quantity of fresh water resources, preservation of natural resources, loss of biodiversity, and global climate change. Land degradation is responsible for soil erosion and can eventually lead to desertification. The International Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) defines des...

Nitrate contamination in rivers has raised widespread concern in the world, particularly in arid/semi-arid river basins lacking qualified water. Understanding the nitrate pollution levels and sources is critical to control the nitrogen input and promote a more sustainable water management in those basins. Water samples were collected from a typical semi-arid river basin, the Weihe River watersh...

This chapter discusses definitions and classification of estuaries. It presents both the classical and more flexible definitions of estuaries. Then it discusses separate classifications of estuaries based on water balance, geomorphology, water column stratification, and the stratification–circulation diagram – Hansen–Rattray approach and the Ekman–Kelvin numbers parameter space. The most widely...

A conceptual basin model of the instantaneous unit sediment graph was developed for sediment graph prediction from arid upland basins by routing mobilized sediments through a series of linear reservoirs. The sediment graphs generated by convolution of the instantaneous unit sediment graph compared reasonably well with the observed ones for four representative arid upland sub-basins in the Luni ...

Water resources in arid and semi-arid regions are heavily influenced by climate change, water shortage, water regulations, and increased water demands. Monthly discharge is one of the most important factors in hydrological studies. Some of the basins are not equipped with adequate hydrometric equipment. In such a case, average monthly discharge could be estimated by regional monthly water balan...

Landscape metrics are useful tools in investigating spatial structure and in describing the heterogeneity of landscapes, but are sensitive to grain size. Thus, it is necessary to determine the appropriate grain size before researching landscape patterns. However, there have been few large-scale investigations in high-precision research about the effect of grain size on landscape patterns, espec...

The northwest arid region (NAR) of China, located in a cold region, has been experiencing extreme weather and runoff events for years. Summer (from June to August) is the main season for forming runoff in this region. Summer runoff is contributed by glacial runoff in addition to precipitation in glacierized basins. The upper basins of Hei River, Shule River, Kaidu River, and Manas River with di...