a topoframe, denoted by $l_{ tau}$,  is a pair $(l, tau)$ consisting of a frame $l$ and a subframe $ tau $ all of whose elements are complementary elements in$l$. in this paper, we define and study the notions of a$tau $-real-continuous function on a frame $l$ and the set of realcontinuous functions $mathcal{r}l_tau $ as an $f$-ring.we show that $mathcal{r}l_{ tau}$is actually a generalization ...

The discrete Lotka–Volterra equation over p-adic space was constructed since p-adic space is a prototype of spaces with non-Archimedean valuations and the space given by taking the ultra-discrete limit studied in soliton theory should be regarded as a space with the non-Archimedean valuations given in my previous paper (Matsutani S 2001 Int. J. Math. Math. Sci.). In this paper, using the natura...

‖b+ c‖ ≤ max (‖b‖, ‖c‖) then the value ‖b‖ is called non-archimedean. The thus delimited nonarchimedean values are of considerable arithmetic interest. They are useful in questions of divisibility and irreducibility and in fact often correspond exactly to the prime ideals of the given ring. This paper is devoted to the explicit construction of non-archimedean values. More specifically, given al...

Discrete Lotka-Volterra equation over p-adic space was constructed since p-adic space is a prototype of spaces with the non-Archimedean valuations and the space given by taking ultra-discrete limit studied in soliton theory should be regarded as a space with the non-Archimedean valuations in the previous report (solv-int/9906011). In this article, using the natural projection from p-adic intege...

Given a model of the theory real field with restricted analytic functions such that its value group has finite archimedean rank we show how one can extend logarithm to global values in polynomial ring over dimension rank. The logarithms are determined by algebraic data from model, namely section and an embedding into Hahn group. If coincides rational equivalent. We illustrate embed exponentiati...

‎For any archimedean$f$-ring $A$ with unit in whichbreak$awedge‎ ‎(1-a)leq 0$ for all $ain A$‎, ‎the following are shown to be‎ ‎equivalent‎: ‎ ‎1‎. ‎$A$ is isomorphic to the $l$-ring ${mathfrak Z}L$ of all‎ ‎integer-valued continuous functions on some frame $L$‎. 2‎. ‎$A$ is a homomorphic image of the $l$-ring $C_{Bbb Z}(X)$‎ ‎of all integer-valued continuous functions‎, ‎in the usual se...

‎for any archimedean$f$-ring $a$ with unit in whichbreak$awedge‎‎(1-a)leq 0$ for all $ain a$‎, ‎the following are shown to be‎‎equivalent‎:‎‎1‎. ‎$a$ is isomorphic to the $l$-ring ${mathfrak z}l$ of all‎‎integer-valued continuous functions on some frame $l$‎. 2‎. ‎$a$ is a homomorphic image of the $l$-ring $c_{bbb z}(x)$‎‎of all integer-valued continuous functions‎, ‎in the usual sense‎,‎on som...

The Dezert-Smarandache theory of plausible and paradoxical reasoning is based on the premise that some elements θi of a frame Θ have a non-empty intersection. These elements are called exhaustive. In number theory, this property is observed only in non-Archimedean number systems, for example, in the ring Zp of p-adic integers, in the field Q of hyperrational numbers, in the field R of hyperreal...

We estimate Value-at-Risk for sums of dependent random variables. We model multivariate dependent random variables using archimedean copulas. This structure allows one to calculate the asymptotic behaviour of extremal events. An important application of such results are Value-at-Risk estimates for sums of dependent random variables.