Enzymes are highly specific catalysts that typically function in aqueous solvents. However, many enzymes retain their catalytic activities at high concentrations in non-aqueous environments, including neat hydrophilic organic solvents. In fact, enzymes can be used to carry out reactions in organic solvents that are not possible in aqueous systems. Therefore, biocatalysis in homogenous non-aqueo...

IF it is granted that the aqueous humour is formed by the active transfer of solutes and solvent from the plasma to the aqueous, it follows that the rates of transfer of the various solvent or solute species and the steady-state composition of the aqueous will depend upon the electrochemical potential difference (P.D.) across its boundaries with the plasma. Alterations of the electrochemical P....

Mukaiyama aldol reactions in aqueous media have been surveyed. While the original Mukaiyama aldol reactions entailed stoichiometric use of Lewis acids in organic solvents under strictly anhydrous conditions, Mukaiyama aldol reactions in aqueous media are not only suitable for green sustainable chemistry but are found to produce singular phenomena. These findings led to the discovery of a series...

Acid catalyzed decomposition of C5 and C6 sugars has been considered an important source of biomass derived chemicals. An essential step in this process is the extraction of furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid from aqueous phase. In this work, a computational screening of 178 organic solvents for simultaneous extraction of these chemicals from aqueous phase has been done with the...

In recent years a high demand for natural ingredients with nutraceutical properties has been witnessed, for which the development of more environmentally-friendly and cost-efficient extraction solvents and methods play a primary role. In this perspective, in this work, the application of deep eutectic solvents (DES), composed of quaternary ammonium salts and organic acids, as alternative solven...

In all living organisms, all reactions involved in peptides and proteins synthesis proceeds exceedingly efficiently inside the cells in aqueous solution. An approach to efficient preparation of peptides in aqueous media is of great importance because the safe disposal of organic solvents is a vital environmental issue, and even more essential, the aqueous milieu is crucial to preserve the confo...

Regioselective S-acylation of coenzyme A (CoA) is achieved under aqueous conditions using various aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids activated as their methyl acyl phosphate monoesters. Unlike many hydrophobic activating groups, the anionic methyl acyl phosphate mixed anhydride is more compatible with aqueous solvents, making it useful for conducting acylation reactions in an aqueous medium.

We recently reported a nonenzymatic biomass deconstruction process for producing carbohydrates using homogeneous mixtures of γ-valerolactone (GVL) and water as a solvent. A key step in this process is the separation of the GVL from the aqueous phase, enabling GVL recycling and the production of a concentrated aqueous carbohydrate solution. In this study, we demonstrate that phenolic solvents-se...