objectives: royal jelly (rj), a secretion of both the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of nurse workers, is believed to play a central role in honeybee queen development. important component of royal jelly are proteins which form about 50% of the dry mass of rj. major royal jelly proteins (mrjps) are the dominant proteinaceous component of royal jelly and constitute about 82-90% of total pr...

nosema apis is an obligate intracellular parasite belonging to phylum microsporidia. this para site is known as main causative agent of nosemosis in honeybees especially in the european honeybee (apis mellifera). nosemosis can cause queen supersedure, reduction of honey yield and dwindling the population of honeybees. a total number of 54 apiaries were randomly sampled from april to july 2011 a...

Objectives: Royal jelly (RJ), a secretion of both the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of nurse workers, is believed to play a central role in honeybee queen development. Important component of royal jelly are proteins which form about 50% of the dry mass of RJ. Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) are the dominant proteinaceous component of royal jelly and constitute about 82-90% of total pr...

Objectives: Royal jelly (RJ), a secretion of both the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of nurse workers, is believed to play a central role in honeybee queen development. Important component of royal jelly are proteins which form about 50% of the dry mass of RJ. Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) are the dominant proteinaceous component of royal jelly and constitute about 82-90% of total pr...

background: the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the nosema ceranae and nosema apis among apiaries using both spore counts and multiplex pcr and the replacement of n. apis by n. ceranae in some regions of turkey. methods: a hundred honey bee samples were collected from 99 apiaries in 11 different locations in 2011-2012 in turkey. nosema infection degree from collected sample...

background : nosemosis of european honey bee (apis mellifera ) is present in bee colonies world­wide. until recently, nosema apis had been regarded as the causative agent of the disease, that causes heavy economic losses in apicultures. nosema ceranae is an emerging microsporidian para­site of european honeybees, a. mellifera , but its distribution is not well known. previously, nosemosis in ho...

genetic diversity is a key component of ecosystems. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of iranian native honeybee colonies (apis mellifera meda l.) located in the northern region. colonies from 24 locations have been analyzed using microsatellite markers. samples were collected from caspian sea southern area (north of iran). six microsatellite markers (a28, a29, ...

Programmers use security APIs to embed security into the applications they develop. Security vulnerabilities get introduced into those applications, due to the usability issues that exist in the security APIs. Improving usability of security APIs would contribute to improve the security of applications that programmers develop. However, currently there is no methodology to evaluate the usabilit...

Digital ecosystems continue to evolve, as new external APIs continue to enter into it. Not all new APIs, however, have the same fate: some are successfully connected with existing APIs and spark major changes in the ecosystem, while others are simply ignored. Particularly, some of the components end up playing a major role in shaping the structure of the ecosystem. To systematically explore wha...