according to common law rules of england, obligation by one party is enforceable when the other has provided a consideration or the contract has been put in a deed. in some common law jurisdictions, such as australia, canada and the united states, another doctrine, named reasonable reliance, has developed, which could act as surrogate for the doctrine of consideration. english courts, however, ...

damage control doctrine requires the party incurring damages due to another party’s breach of contract or damaging action to take necessary measures to reduce damages or to prevent damage expansion. the most suitable doctrine justifying control doctrine in islamic jurisprudence and consequently iran's law is the well-known jurisprudential doctrine of la zarara wa la zerar fi al-islam “ther...

the first conceptions of intellect are a beign and an essence, we must begin exploring how they are related to each other. everything that receives   something from another is potential with regard to what it receives and what is receives in it is the actuality. thus st.thomas returns to the doctrine of potency and act of being to explain the relation of a being and an essence by developing in ...

In his article "Animal Rights," [lJ Jan Narveson presents an alternative "rroral" theory to what he calls the "Singer-Regan position." This theory--"rational egoism"-­ \\Quld exclude non-human animals from rroral consideration and deny them all rights. His excuse for developing this "nasty doctrine" is that he is "not convinced that they [Sing­ er and Regan] are right" and that "there is much t...

I defend the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing: the claim that doing harm is harder to justify than merely allowing harm. A thing does not genuinely belong to a person unless he has special authority over it. The Doctrine of Doing and Allowing protects us against harmful imposition – against the actions or needs of another intruding on what is ours. This protection is necessary for something to ge...

Psychologism in logic is the doctrine that the semantic content of logical terms is in some way a feature of human psychology. We consider the historically influential version of the doctrine, Psychological Individualism, and the many counter-arguments to it. We then propose and assess various modifications to the doctrine that might allow it to avoid the classical objections. We call these Psy...

The doctrine of divine simplicity, the doctrine that God has no physical or metaphysical complexity whatsoever, is not a doctrine designed to induce immediate philosophical acquiescence. There are severe questions about its coherence. And even if those questions can be answered satisfactorily in favour of the doctrine, there remains the question why anyone should accept it. Thomas V. Morris rai...

Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal shared the Nobel Prize in 1906 for their work on the histology of the nerve cell, but both held diametrically opposed views about the Neuron Doctrine which emphasizes the structural, functional and developmental singularity of the nerve cell. Golgi's reticularist views remained entrenched and his work on the nervous system did not venture greatly into ne...