The development of the technique of continuous spinal anesthesia as it relates to the obstetric population is recounted. The advantages and disadvantages of continuous spinal anesthesia are examined, currently available catheters and kits are reviewed, and strategies for the management of continuous spinal techniques for labor analgesia and surgical anesthesia are discussed. Continuous spinal a...

results there were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to age, gender, nausea and vomiting, sleep quality, blood pressure, and heart rate. no significant differences were observed between the two groups in pain scores (p = 0.39) and analgesic consumption (p = 0.78). conclusions the results suggest that a single dose of preoperative oral amantadine did not reduce acute...

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introduction: the increasing use of diagnostic imaging in pediatric medicine has resulted in growing need for procedural sedation and analgesia (psa) to minimize motion artifacts during procedures. the drug of choice in pediatric psa was not introduced till now. the aim of the present study was comparison of oral chloral hydrate (och) and rectal sodium thiopental (rst) in pediatric psa. methods...

background: pain in infancy is a developmental process. due to the underdeveloped pain pathways in the spinal cord, the threshold of stimulation and sensation of pain is low at birth and has potential impacts on increasing the central effects of pain. primary trauma during infancy can cause long term changes in structure and function of pain pathways that continue until adulthood. lack of pain ...

background: intrauterine device (iud) is an effective and long term method of contraception that can be used without continued effort by the user to prevent pregnancy perfectly. pain during iud insertion is one of the obstacles to properly using the device. thus, using different methods of analgesia and anesthesia to alleviate this pain has been studied by many researchers. this review article ...