studying the history of science in ancient civilizations can help to shed light on the mysteries of the history of science as well as the contribution of nations to the growth of science in the world throughout the history. among various branches of science, medicine is of particular importance and owing to the crucial role of physicians in this discipline; the present study has taken the role ...

the relation between economy and medicine had a long history since ancient times. supplying (providing) health care and the required drugs and medical equipments were the main concerns of the human communities even when they were at rather primitive stages of civilization. later, in developed civilizations, trade was added to the concepts of medical economy. in this study, various economic acti...

nowadays and throughout the history, medical rights and ethics were among the most important subjects in relation with the field of medicine. women’s medical rights including issues about sickness, sex, abortion and so on are among main branches of medical ethics. it should be stated that this matter was not investigated sufficiently about ancient persia (since the beginning of historical perio...

In fact, this assumption is incorrect and, whilst the Ancient Greek astronomers made huge contributions to astronomy, their knowledge was built upon the solid foundations laid by other great cultures. The Mesopotamian [1] and Zoroastrian astronomers and astrologers, in the Fertile Crescent and the empty deserts of Persia, made many sophisticated observations and devised complex theories to desc...

In fact, this assumption is incorrect and, whilst the Ancient Greek astronomers made huge contributions to astronomy, their knowledge was built upon the solid foundations laid by other great cultures. The Mesopotamian [1] and Zoroastrian astronomers and astrologers, in the Fertile Crescent and the empty deserts of Persia, made many sophisticated observations and devised complex theories to desc...

The quest for a whiter shade of pale dates back to ancient civilizations, when a pale complexion was associated with aristocratic lineage. During the Tang dynasty (618-907), Chinese women used ground pearl powder as a whitening make-up. In ancient Persia, field workers bleached their skin with pure natural hydroquinone to keep it from darkening under the sun. In Europe, during the Renaissance, ...