The concept of consumer confusion has gained a considerable attention in consumer behavior literature during recent years. However,it is considered as a relatively new concept in marketing, particularly in businesses that provide intangible products such as tourism. This study aimed to investigate factors that potentially influence consumer confusion proneness in purchasing outbound package tou...

the nocturnal harmony of wood orchestra, reza ghassemi’s first novel, is a rare example of iranian postmodernist novel. though the novel has a complicated structure, it is still well-crafted, readable and pleasing, a virtue that very often is not observed in persian postmodernist novels. the present study analyzes the novel in the light of such terms as metafiction, ontological ambiguity, short...

Evolution of the Situational Leadership Theory is reviewed in relation to conceptual developments associated with the theory and published empirical work testing the theory. Overall, its theoretical robustness and pragmatic utility are challenged because of logical and internal inconsistencies, conceptual ambiguity, incompleteness, and confusion associated with multiple versions of the model. T...

We propose an acoustic feature for speech recognition based on the combination of MFCC and fractional Fourier transform (FrFT). Since the transform order is critical for the performance of FrFT, we use the ambiguity function to adaptively determine the optimal orders of FrFT for each frame. The performance of the proposed feature is compared with traditional MFCCs on recognizing speech of isola...

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A-S consumers are provided with ever-increasing amounts of information from more products sold through more channels and promoted in more ways, the notion of marketplace confusion is becoming Increasingly important. From the extant literature, we propose and define three types of confusion resulting from brand similarity, information load, and misleading or ambiguous information. This latter ty...