the essential role of reading can be overlooked neither in the native nor in the second or foreign language. reading skill is an important asset in the process of literacy as well as a means of extending one's knowledge, however, teaching reading involves unique problems and challenges at all conceivable levels of instruction. focusing on teaching english to children, practitioners complai...

BACKGROUND The dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) has been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disorders. In this study, we examined whether diminished anticipatory dopamine cell firing - typical of the long variant of the DRD4 allele - is related to emergent and advanced alphabetic skills, and whether executive attention is a mediator between this allele and alp...

Alphabetic skills were one of the early literacy skills. Several studies on alphabetic have been conducted in Indonesia. Meta-analysis was used to describe children's alphabet aged 3 6 years as an aggregate. The maximum likelihood estimation method and random effect design performed aggregate that can be generalized articles obtained from research published between 2014 2021. Those accessed col...

We study the class of quasi-alphabetic relations, i.e., tree transformations de ned by tree bimorphisms (';L; ) with '; quasi-alphabetic tree homomorphisms and L a regular tree language. We present a canonical representation of these relations; as an immediate consequence, we get the closure under union. Also, we show that they are not closed under intersection and complement, and do not preser...

Changes in cost sharing and remuneration system in the Netherlands in 2006 led to clear changes in financial incentives faced by both consumers and general practitioner (GPs). For privately insured consumers, cost sharing was abolished, whereas those socially insured never faced cost sharing. The separate remuneration systems for socially insured consumers (capitation) and privately insured con...

Behaviour of systems is described by formal languages: the sets of all sequences of actions. Regarding abstraction, alphabetic language homomorphisms areion, alphabetic language homomorphisms are used to compute abstract behaviours. To avoid loss of important information when moving to the abstract level, abstracting homomorphisms have to satisfy a certain property called simplicity on the conc...

Acknowledgements I would like to thank the various company managers who participated in the surveys of Yorkshire & Humberside and Northern Ireland. Abstract Multinational enterprises occupy a prominent position in most UK regional economies. The contribution of these firms to employment and growth in the host region will be enhanced if they purchase material inputs from local firms ('local sour...