the poets of lyrical poetry usually take advantage of various ways. one method used to compose love poetry is usage of alphabetic letters. other than the combination of letters in order to create new words and meanings, arabic letters of alphabet basically have another literary role – discussed in this paper – that of outward shape of the letter which has been used to create the most beautiful ...

Learning to read and write in English requires children to master the alphabetic principle, the idea that the letters in printed words represent the sounds in spoken words in a more or less regular manner. Children need at least two skills in order to grasp the alphabetic principle. The first is phonological awareness, or a sensitivity to the sound structure of spoken words. The second is knowl...

The illusory letters phenomenon (ILP) is a unique demonstration that words can be perceived as complete even when letters are physically absent. However, the ILP has only ever been reported for a Latinate language (English), and it is unknown whether the illusion occurs for alphabetic languages with fundamentally different visual properties. Here we report a demonstration of the ILP for Arabic ...

The study monitored the eye movements of twenty 5-year-old children while reading an alphabet book to examine the manner in which the letters, words, and pictures were fixated and the relation of attention to print to alphabetic knowledge. Children attended little to the print, took longer to first fixate print than illustrations, and labeled fewer letters than when presented with letters in is...

Is reading similarly affected by letter transposition in all alphabetic orthographies? "The Cambridge University effect", demonstrating that jumbled letters have little effect on reading, was examined using rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) in English and in Hebrew. Hebrew-English bilinguals were presented sentences in both languages containing words with transposed letters. Sentences wer...

We consider two related problems in this paper. Given an undeciphered alphabetic writing system or mono-alphabetic cipher, determine: (1) which of its letters are vowels and which are consonants; and (2) whether the writing system is a vocalic alphabet or an abjad. We are able to show that a very simple spectral decomposition based on character co-occurrences provides nearly perfect performance...

How language experience affects visual word recognition has been a topic of intense interest. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), the present study compared the early electrophysiological responses (i.e., N1) to familiar and unfamiliar writings under different conditions. Thirteen native Chinese speakers (with English as their second language) were recruited to passively view four types of s...

Alphabetic skills were one of the early literacy skills. Several studies on alphabetic have been conducted in Indonesia. Meta-analysis was used to describe children's alphabet aged 3 6 years as an aggregate. The maximum likelihood estimation method and random effect design performed aggregate that can be generalized articles obtained from research published between 2014 2021. Those accessed col...

The linear encryption such as Caesar, mono-alphabetic are used to solve the problem in different fields. This module usually encrypts any letter exact and one corresponding letter. With advanced technologies computers, these algorithms seem not be high level secure. paper proposed a secure algorithm using modified by considering letters’ positions of plaintext body. Two advantages has against t...

Most people acquire literacy skills with remarkable ease, even though the human brain is not evolutionarily adapted to this relatively new cultural phenomenon. Associations between letters and speech sounds form the basis of reading in alphabetic scripts. We investigated the functional neuroanatomy of the integration of letters and speech sounds using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI...