Lijphart’s spectrum of democracies – recently expanded by Jack Nagel to a sub-majoritarian sphere of pluralitarian systems which use disproportional electoral systems in order to manufacture majority governments from minorities in the electorate – is based on only one dimension: inclusion of preferences. Political scientists in the Lijphartian tradition wrongly assume that inclusion of preferen...

Quality healthcare is one of the most important factors in how individuals perceive their quality of life. In most countries, alongside the economy, it is the major political issue. In some countries, the healthcare delivery organization is a part of the national identity. CGI believes it is time for a new enlightenment in every aspect of the healthcare ecosystem, where every player, from gover...

Bioethics, the investigation of ethical issues in medicine, biology, and health sciences, is in vogue in the developed world. Television news often shows feature stories on debates over the proper uses of such new developments as embryonic stem cells or gene therapy, and newspapers elicit public comments on their Internet sites. Societal responses to these technological advances are mediated th...

As aid diminishes in importance, donors need a capacity that enables governments to improve the quality of their public spending. In this study I suggest three such organizational innovations: independent ratings of spending systems, Independent Public Service Agencies, and Sovereign Development Funds. These constitute a new donor instrument of influencing the modalities of public spending, alo...

It seems to be increasingly clear that, in regard to the design of global data networks, an era of networking is coming to an end. Suddenly, what was once a playground for researchers now supports both culture and commerce, and has increasingly become a part of our daily lives. The present-day Internet quite clearly serves a basic infrastructure role, alongside other communication and transport...

the multilateral trading system as a sub-system of the present international system from its beginning as gatt in 1947, after scond world war, until now have been criticized by different countries. with the conversion of gatt into the wto in 1994, not only dissatisfaction of the countries with the performance of multilateral trading system have not gone away, but in many cases also have increas...

Recognition of economic growth determinants is one of the most important concerns for economists. In the oil exporting countries oil revenues play a significant role for the economy alongside with other economic growth determinants. This paper attempts to investigate the role of oil in selected oil-revenue dependent economies. Since oil revenue goes directly to public treasury and is expended b...