Aerospace medicine is the medical discipline responsible for assessing and conserving the health, safety, and performance of individuals involved in air and space travel. With the upward trend in airline travel, flight-related oral conditions requiring treatment have become a source of concern for aircrew members. Awareness and treatment of any potential physiological problems for these aircrew...

conclusions: thus, identifying the hf patients before the flight and providing them proper education about the events that may occur during flight is necessary. results: hf patients are more prone to experience respiratory distress, anxiety, stress, cardiac decompensation, and venous thromboembolism (vte) during air travel. although stable hf patients can tolerate air travel, but those with acu...