the volume and speed of change in today’s world has made the necessity of change in management systems inevitable. this obligation in governmental section of country has been understood and been put in the agenda of planners from some years ago, which its result is displayed in the plans of administrative change. this paper is the result a filed research in 45 governmental organizations in kerm...

Options is a magazine featuring the activities of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), located in Laxenburg, Austria. IIASA is an interdisciplinary, nongovernmental research institution sponsored by a consortium of National Member Organizations in Asia, Europe, and North America. The Institute’s research focuses on sustainability and the human dimensions of global c...

This paper explores the impact of a variety of contextual factors on the diffusion of six administrative innovations. The paper explores the level importance of 13 contextual factors on decisions(s) to implement (or not) administrative changes. It also examines the level of association between contextual factors and the diffusion of six administrative innovations, finding that the several conte...

certain characteristics of sometimes bear such significance that they bring about change of meaning not only in specific domains but also in the general concepts of mangagement. close attention to the special concepts of industrial, military, administrative, educational and political management reveals the subtlety, complexity and role of this point when we explain management issues.

with the establishment of modern bureaucracy in iran, it was expected that the administrative system would find a logical order based on legal rationality. this not only proved to be far from the case, but the administrative system showed an unfortunate return to its previous status as well. the efforts made to improve the system have only aggravated the situation. the first question addressed ...