The rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis, a food-borne zoonotic parasite, has been recognized as the primary pathogen associated with human eosinophilic meningitis or eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. This neurotropic nematode has a definitive rodent host and a molluscan intermediate host. The adult worms live in the pulmonary arteries of rats. Human is a non-permissive, accidental host. Tr...

Proof. The first statement is obvious since every intersection of closed sets is closed and every intersection of convex sets is convex. For the second statement, let C = coA. first note that coA ⊂ coA since coA is convex and contains A. Thus C ⊂ coA since coA is closed. On the other hand, if we knew that C were convex then it would be a closed convex set containing A, hence would contain coA, ...

Human visual speed perception is qualitatively consistent with a Bayesian observer that optimally combines noisy measurements with a prior preference for lower speeds. Quantitative validation of this model, however, is difficult because the precise noise characteristics and prior expectations are unknown. Here, we present an augmented observer model that accounts for the variability of subjecti...

Emotional memory is a rapidly acquired and persistent form of memory, and its robustness is in part determined by the initial strength of the memory. Here, we provide new evidence that the protein phosphatase calcineurin (CaN), a potent negative regulator of neuronal signaling that is known to constrain learning and memory, critically regulates the establishment of emotional memory through mech...

A recent medicinal chemistry campaign to identify positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) led to the discovery of potent compounds featuring an oxazolidinone structural core flanked by biaryl acetylene and haloaryl moieties. However, biotransformation studies of some of these mGluR5 PAMs demonstrated the formation of glutathione (GSH) conjugat...

Symmetric cryptography offers high computational efficiency, since it does not rely on expensive operations such as modular exponentiation or cryptographic pairing. Moreover, it offers compact authentication tags, proportional to the size of underlying primitive, for instance 160-bit with SHA1 based HMAC and 128-bit for AES-based MACs. Finally, key sizes are small and almost optimal, which offe...