toll like receptors (tlrs) recognize pathogens and generate an immediate defense response by inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which rapidly destroy or limit the pathogens. in their bridging role, tlr downstream signals link innate and adaptive immunity, particularly by mediating dc maturation and activation of pathogen specific t lymphocytes. these pathways lead to the act...

bacground: evidence from several lines of investigations suggests that toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) is involved in atherosclerosis as a bridge between innate and acquired immunity. percutaneous coronary intervention (pci) can trigger inflammation through activation of human tlr4 (htlr4) on monocytes. hydrocortisone as an anti-inflammatory and immuno-suppressant agent has multiple mechanisms of a...

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objective: melanocortin-4 receptor (mc4r) and agouti-related peptide (agrp) are involved in energy homeostasis in the rat. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of mc4r and agrp mrnas in arcuate nucleus (arc) during long term malnutrition of female ovariectomized rats. materials and methods: ten female ovariectomized rats were divided into two equal groups (n=6) of normal ...

the effects of chronic stress and glucocorticoids receptor antagonist (ru486) on expression of melanocortin 4 receptor (mc4r) mrna in arcuate nucleus (arc) of male rats were evaluated. in this study, adult male sprague dawley rats were placed into four groups (n=6/group) stress, ru486, stress/ru486, and control groups. in stress group, the rats were restrained, 1 h/day, for 12 days. in ru486 gr...

melanocortin- 4 receptor (mc4r) and agouti- related peptide (agrp) are involved in energy homeostasis in rats. according to mc4r and agrp effects on luteinizing hormone (lh) secretion, they may influence the estrous cycle of rats. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of mc4r and agrp mrnas at different stages of estrous cycle in the rat’s hypothalamus. the estrous ...

background: myocardial dysfunction is one of the major complications in patients with sepsis where there is a relationship between the blood level of cytokines and the onset of myocardial depression. in many cases of sepsis, the presence of lipopolysaccharide (lps) has been established. lps binding protein (lbp) bound endotoxin is recognized by cd14/toll-like receptor-4 (tlr4) complexes in inna...

abstract objective: the previous studies indicated that the tlrs especially toll-like receptor 4) tlr4 (are involved in the process of diabetes. the aim of the present research was to investigate the time course expression pattern of tlr4-a main component of innate immune system- in mrna levels in the heart tissue of diabetic male wistar rats. materials and methods: in this research, adult wist...

the important role of reperfusion therapies in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction is well documented. however, reperfusion therapies can initiate inflammatory response and may damage the myocardium. the purpose of current study was to compare the effects of percutaneous coronary intervention and thrombolytic therapy on inflammatory markers in the setting of st elevation myocardial inf...