Interleukin-21 (IL-21) can be produced by CD8 T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals and those with autoimmune disease, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that IL-21-producing CD8 T cells are not associated with CD4 depletion and are absent in patients with idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia. Instead, IL-21 production by CD8 T cells was associated with high levels of ...

Twenty five years is both a very long time and a very short time. The OPS has seen many innovations— in technique as well as technology. At the same time, some things seem like they won't ever change. Our Society was conceived by Johnny Justice, Jr. (in the Spring of 1969 during a meeting in Sarasota, Florida); and Johnny is still a very active member! This paper is a reminiscence. Each of the ...

During the last twenty-five years, the contextual interference effect has been thoroughly studied. This review finds that the effect is relatively robust in basic research, but considerably weaker in applied settings. Motor learning scholars have urged practitioners to develop instructional strategies based upon the inferences of the contextual interference effect. The smaller effects seem to i...

Parker (1) has shown that the results of infectivity measurements with vaccinia virus may be interpreted as a Poisson distribution of single infective particles among aliquots of the virus obtained by dilution. Thus, if it may be assumed that there exists a quanti ty of virus invariably necessary and invariably sufficient to produce a lesion in the skin of the rabbit, the behavior on dilution r...

Turkey has initiated a number of projects to improve the quality of education and to provide students with knowledge and skills needed for the job market through the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) into education during the last twenty-five years. This paper is an overview of those initiatives of ICT in education in Turkey. It is argued that more attention is neede...