The terms ratio scale, apparently first introduced by Stevens (1946, 1951), and ratio scaling, apparently first introduced by Krantz (1972) but closely related to previous phrasing, denote different but interrelated things. Although Krantz was very clear on the matter,' the similarity of the terms seems to invite confusion and confounding. My goal here is to explicate some aspects of the differ...

background: bax and bcl-2 are the major members of bcl-2 family whose play a key role in tumor progression or inhibition of intrinsic apoptotic pathway triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction. therefore, the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic members of this family can determine the cellular fate. methods: in this study, the relative level of mrna expression of bax and bcl-2 genes was deter...

In this article we consider the following old Japanese geometry problem (see Figure 1), whose statement in [1, p. 39] is missing the condition that two of the vertices are the opposite ends of a diameter. (The authors implicitly correct the omission in the proof they provide on page 118.) We denote by O(r) the circle with centre O, radius r. Problem [1, Example 3.2]. The squares ACBD and ABCD h...