During plant epidermal development, many cell types are generated fromprotodermal cells, a process requiringcomplex co-ordinationof cell division, growth, endoreduplication and the acquisition of differentiated cellular morphologies. Herewe show that theArabidopsis phytocalpain DEFECTIVE KERNEL 1 (DEK1) promotes the differentiated epidermal state. Plants with reduced DEK1 activity produce cotyl...

It is often said that a scientist is lucky to make one great discovery in a career; those rare individuals who make more than one are very special indeed. Joseph Gall has made not one but several major discoveries which have both theoretical and practical consequences. His early research on lampbrush chromosomes of amphibians established many facts about chromosome structure. For example, he di...

Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising route for the renewable production of hydrogen fuel. This work presents the results of a technical and economic feasibility analysis conducted for four hypothetical, centralized, large-scale hydrogen production plants based on this technology. The four reactor types considered were a single bed particle suspension system, a dual bed particle s...

New neurons are generated throughout life in distinct regions of the mammalian brain. This process, called adult neurogenesis, has been implicated in physiological brain function, and failing or altered neurogenesis has been associated with a number of neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we provide an overview of themechanisms governing the neurogenic process in the adult brain and describe how ne...

Although growing more slowly than in recent years, spending for health continued to account for an increasing share of the Nation's gross national product. In 1983, spending for health amounted to 10.8 percent of the gross national product, or $1,459 per person. Public programs financed 40 percent of all personal health care spending. Medicare and Medicaid expended $91 billion in benefits, 29 p...

The past ten years have witnessed substantial improvements in programming methodology. This advance, carried out under the banner of “structured programming,” has led to programs that are more reliable and easier to comprehend; yet the results are not entirely satisfactory. My purpose in the present paper is to propose another motto that may be appropriate for the next decade, as we attempt to ...

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Briggs was born 10 December 1911 in Watertown, Massachusetts. He was raised by his grandparents, as both his mother and brother died of tuberculosis before Briggs was two years old. He lived with his grandparents until 1929 when he left for college. Briggs described his aunt's lessons on the family piano as one of his most lasting boyhood experiences. Even though he would eventually stop playin...