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Detection and quantification of biological and chemical species are central to many areas of healthcare and the life sciences, ranging from diagnosing disease to discovery and screening of new drug molecules. Semiconductor nanowires configured as electronic devices have emerged as a general platform for ultra-sensitive direct electrical detection of biological and chemical species. Here we desc...

Progress of development is commonly reconstructed from imaging snapshots of chemical or mechanical processes in fixed tissues. As a first step in these reconstructions, snapshots must be spatially registered and ordered in time. Currently, image registration and ordering are often done manually, requiring a significant amount of expertise with a specific system. However, as the sizes of imaging...

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression refers to heritable factors that are functionally relevant genomic modifications but that do not involve changes in DNA sequence. Examples of such modifications include DNA methylation, histone modifications, noncoding RNAs, and chromatin architecture. Epigenetic modifications are crucial for packaging and interpreting the genome, and they have fundament...

THE ‘PROBLEM OF ALTRUISM’ has remained a thorn in the side of evolutionary biology since Darwin. In On the origin of species (1860), Darwin clearly recognized that the widespread existence of altruistic behavioural adaptations was a potential problem for his theory of natural selection. The general problem is that, if nature is ‘red in tooth and claw’ and natural selection produces adaptations ...

THE EVOLUTIONARY TRAJECTORY from non-human primate to human forms of social organization encompasses an extraordinary series of social and cultural changes that belie our close anatomical affinity with other primates. Through our capacity to transfer what is in the conscious mind of one individual to another, we have developed adaptations that incorporate collective and not just individual thin...

We investigated the effects of a selective beta(2)-agonist, salbutamol, and of phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibition with 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxy benzyl)-2-imidazolidinone (Ro-20-1724) on the airway and parenchymal mechanics during steady-state constriction induced by MCh administered as an aerosol or intravenously (iv). The wave-tube technique was used to measure the lung input impedance (ZL) betw...

To investigate effects and possible mechanism of Ro 20-1724, a PDE4 inhibitor, on long-time learning and memory ability following repeated ketamine exposure in immature rats. Methods: Sixty 21-day-old SD rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 12): C: Normal control group, S: Saline control group, K: Ketamine, K + Ro: Ketamine + Ro 20-1724, K + E: Ketamine + ethanol vehicle. Ro 20-1724...