The microtubule cytoskeleton is crucial for the internal organization of eukaryotic cells. Several microtubule-associated proteins link microtubules to subcellular structures. A subclass of these proteins, the plus end-binding proteins (+TIPs), selectively binds to the growing plus ends of microtubules. Here, we reconstitute a vertebrate plus end tracking system composed of the most prominent +...

This linear system of equations will have a solution only when the vector ~y is contained in the column space of matrix X: that is, when ~y can be expressed as a linear combination of the columns of the matrix X. From a geometric perspective, this will occur when all points (xi, yi) lie precisely on a line. If, however, the points deviate even slightly from a perfect line, then ~y will not be i...

Materials used in the exterior of buildings and in construction are routinely exposed to solar UV radiation. Especially in the case of wood and plastic building materials, the service life is determined by their weather-induced deterioration. Any further increase in ground-level solar UV radiation, UV-B radiation in particular, will therefore reduce the outdoor service life of these products. A...

Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength at Schaffer collateral synapses has largely been attributed to changes in the number and biophysical properties of AMPA receptors (AMPARs). Small-conductance Ca21-activated K1 channels (SK2 channels) are functionally coupled with NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in CA1 spines such that their activity modulates the shape of excitatory postsynaptic potenti...

The seven subunit actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex nucleates actin filaments that drive diverse cell processes such as vesicle trafficking, plasma membrane protrusion during cell migration, and motility of some pathogens in host cells (Goley and Welch, 2006). Hence, resolving how activity of the Arp2/3 complex is regulated is important for a basic understanding of diverse cell processes ...

tional settling or meridional circulation). Cosmic-ray nucleosynthesis models and observations of interstellar clouds indicate that the primordial ratio, f(Li), in the protoplanetary matter could have been as high as 0.3±0.5, which in turn would allow either the possibility of some Li depletion in the star or the ingestion of planets with even smaller mass. In this scenario we have assumed that...

First conceptualized by Lans, incisional keratotomy is widely used for treating astigmatism, although it is now only infrequently used for treating myopia. The current methods of refractive keratotomy derive from the work of Fyodorov in Russia in the mid-twentieth century. Radial incisions cause the peripheral cornea to bulge outward, producing central flattening. Astigmatic keratotomy (AK) and...